Postby community.japanese » April 2nd, 2014 8:42 am
c.lloyd573 san,
べき
Beki is a particle used to indicate the action that one should take, or the state that something should be in.
Beki directly follows verbs in plain, non-past form. The suru in suru verbs may be shortened to su, as seen in example sentence #3.
It is negated by suffixing a negated form of the copula, also demonstrated in example sentence #3.
Verb-plain.nonpast + べき
1. 君は医者の忠告に従うべきだ。
Kimi wa isha no chūkoku ni shitagau beki da.
You should follow the doctor's advice.
2. 佐藤君が失敗するなんて驚くべきことだ。
Satou-kun ga shippai suru nante odoroku beki koto da.
It's surprising that Mr. Sato should fail.
3. 人は外見で判断すべきではない。
Hito wa gaiken de handan subeki de wa nai.
You shouldn't judge people by their looks.
Because "beki" is an expression of one's duty or obligation, and should not be used when speaking to people who are higher in rank or status than the speaker.
Beki is an auxiliary verb meaning "should", and indicates the speaker's judgement. In terms of power of expression, beki is somewhere in between -na kereba naranai and -ta hō ga ii. So iku beki da is weaker than ikana kereba naranai, but stronger than itta hō ga ii.
■ Formation
Non past → [ Verb; dictionary form ] ＋ べきだ
Ex) いうべきだ "should say"
Non past negative → [ Verb; dictionary form ] ＋べきじゃない
Ex) いうべきじゃない "shouldn't say"
Past tense → [ Verb; dictionary form ] ＋べきだった
Eｘ） いうべきだった "should have said"
Past negative → [ Verb; dictionary form ] ＋べきじゃなかった
Ex) いうべきじゃなかった "shouldn't have said"
*Please note when beki follows the class 3 verb suru, meaning "to do", beki follows either suru or su. There's no difference in the meaning.
■ Sample Sentences
1. す（る）べきことは全てした。
す（る）べきことは すべて した。
I did everything I should do.
2. 彼を結婚式に呼ぶべきじゃなかった。
かれ を けっこんしき に よぶべき じゃなかった。
I shouldn't have invited him to my wedding.
3. 驚くべき事がわかった。
おどろくべきこと が わかった。
(Literal Translation; Something one should be surprised at was found out.)
I found out something surprising.
はず
"hazu" is a noun used to indicate one's assumptions. It directly follows verbs and adjectives in plain form, and nouns followed by the particle "no".
彼の息子は、確か小学生のはずだ。
Kare no musuko wa, tashika shōgakusei no hazu da.
I am pretty sure his son is an elementary school student.
この本が難しいはずがない。
Kono hon ga muzukashii hazu ga nai.
There is no way this book is difficult.
週の終わりには届くはずです。
Shū no owari ni wa todoku hazu desu.
You should receive them by the end of the week.
木曜日までには結果が分かるはずです。
Mokuyōbi made ni wa kekka ga wakaru hazu desu.
We should know the result by Thursday.
hazu
________________________________________
--- hazu expresses the speaker’s assertion about the likelihood of something based on some objective information or knowledge. It corresponds to “it is supposed to be the case that…” in English. Although hazu is never used by itself, it is actually a noun. So a phrase or word placed in front of hazu has to be in the prenominal form.
■ Formation
• [ informal speech ] ＋ hazu
*Na is inserted after the dictionary form of a na-adjective, and no is inserted after a noun.
Informal speech hazu
Verb iku, ikanai, itteiru, itta etc… hazu
i-adjective oishii, oishikunai, oishikatta oishikunakatta
na-adjective benri na, benri janai, benri datta, benri janakatta
Noun Gakusei no, gakuseijanai, gakusei datta, gakusei janakatta
■ Sample Sentences with a situation.
Situation Statement
You looked at the timetable. → バスはそろそろ来るはずだ。
Basu wa sorosoro kuru hazu da.
The bus should come soon.
You saw that Ken is wearing a wedding band. → ケンは結婚しているはずです。
Ken wa kekkon shiteiru hazu desu.
I’m sure that Ken is married.
You heard that the meeting started at 3. → 会議は三時に始まるはずだ。
Kaigi wa san-ji ni hajimaru hazu desu.
The meeting is supposed to start at 3.
■ Negative form
There are two ways to form negative expectation.
1. [ informal negative ] ＋hazu da
ケンはカラオケが大嫌いだから、カラオケに行かないはずだ。
[ Ken wa karaoke ga daikirai dakara, karaoke ni ikanai hazu da. ]
2. [ informal affirmative ] ＋hazu ga nai
ケンはカラオケが大嫌いだから、カラオケに行くはずがない。
[ Ken wa karaoke ga daikirai dakara, karaoke ni iku hazu ga nai. ]
Both sentence 1 and 2 mean that the speaker has no expectation of Ken’s going to karaoke, since the speaker knows that Ken hates karaoke. However sentence 2 has the higher degree of certainty.
1. 妻は知らないはずだ。
[ Tsuma wa shiranai hazu da. ]
I don’t suppose my wife knows that.
2. 妻は知っているはずがない。
[ Tsuma wa shitteiru hazu ga nai. ]
There’s no way that my wife knows that.
Yuki
Team JapanesePod101.com
