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| INTRODUCTION |
| Jessi: Every List of Japanese Particles HAS to Include Japanese Particles To, Ya, or Mo! |
| Naomi: こんにちは。なおみです。(Kon’nichiwa. Naomi desu.) |
| Jessi: Jessi here. So, we covered the particle で in the previous lesson. |
| Naomi: そうですね。(Sō desu ne.) We also introduced に (ni) and を (o), didn’t we? |
| Jessi: Right. Can we hear some sample sentences? |
| Naomi: Sure. わたしは千葉に住んでいます。(Watashi wa Chiba ni sunde imasu.) “I live in Chiba.” |
| 橋を渡ってください。(Hashi o watatte kudasai.) “Please cross the bridge.” |
| Jessi: So what particles are we covering in this lesson? |
| Naomi: In this lesson you'll learn particles used to list objects, such as と (to), や (ya), and も (mo). |
| Jessi: In the previous lesson, Keiko got lost in the park. In this lesson she’s going to join the barbecue with her colleague’s family. |
| Naomi: はい。佐藤けい子さんと田中さんの奥さんが話しています。(Hai. Satō Keiko-san to Tanaka-san no okusan ga hanashite imasu.) |
| Jessii: The conversation is between Keiko Sato and the wife of Mr. Tanaka. |
| Naomi: はい。(Hai.) |
| Jessi: Let's listen to the conversation. |
| DIALOGUE |
| 佐藤けい子: ソーセージと野菜を買ってきました。(Sōsēji to yasai o katte kimashita.) |
| 田中（妻): ありがとうございます。(Arigatō gozaimasu.) |
| : ビールやワインやジュースがあります。何を飲みますか。(Bīru ya wain ya jūsu ga arimasu. Nani o nomimasu ka.) |
| 佐藤けい子: じゃ、お茶ありますか？(Ja, o-cha arimasu ka?) |
| 田中（妻): ありますよ。はいどうぞ。順君は？(Arimasu yo. Hai dōzo. Jun-kun wa?) |
| 佐藤順: お水。(O-mizu.) |
| 田中（妻): お水？(O-mizu?) |
| 佐藤けい子: すみません。うちの子、ジュースもお茶も好きじゃなくて・・・。(Sumimasen. Uchi no ko, jūsu mo o-cha mo suki ja nakute…) |
| もう一度お願いします。今度はゆっくりお願いします。(Mō ichi-do onegai shimasu. Kondo wa yukkuri onegai shimasu.) |
| 佐藤けい子: ソーセージと野菜を買ってきました。(Sōsēji to yasai o katte kimashita.) |
| 田中（妻): ありがとうございます。(Arigatō gozaimasu.) |
| : ビールやワインやジュースがあります。何を飲みますか。(Bīru ya wain ya jūsu ga arimasu. Nani o nomimasu ka.) |
| 佐藤けい子: じゃ、お茶ありますか？(Ja, o-cha arimasu ka?) |
| 田中（妻): ありますよ。はいどうぞ。順君は？(Arimasu yo. Hai dōzo. Jun-kun wa?) |
| 佐藤順: お水。(O-mizu.) |
| 田中（妻): お水？(O-mizu?) |
| 佐藤けい子: すみません。うちの子、ジュースもお茶も好きじゃなくて・・・。(Sumimasen. Uchi no ko, jūsu mo o-cha mo suki ja nakute…) |
| 今度は英語が入ります。(Kondo wa Eigo ga hairimasu.) |
| 佐藤けい子: ソーセージと野菜を買ってきました。(Sōsēji to yasai o katte kimashita.) |
| Jessi: I bought some sausages and vegetables! |
| 田中（妻): ありがとうございます。(Arigatō gozaimasu.) |
| Jessi: Thank you very much. |
| : ビールやワインやジュースがあります。何を飲みますか。(Bīru ya wain ya jūsu ga arimasu. Nani o nomimasu ka.) |
| Jessi: We have beer, wine, and juice. What would you like to drink? |
| 佐藤けい子: じゃ、お茶ありますか？(Ja, o-cha arimasu ka?) |
| Jessi: Is there tea? |
| 田中（妻): ありますよ。はいどうぞ。順君は？(Arimasu yo. Hai dōzo. Jun-kun wa?) |
| Jessi: Yes there is! Here you go. How about you, Jun? |
| 佐藤順: お水。(O-mizu.) |
| Jessi: Water. |
| 田中（妻): お水？(O-mizu?) |
| Jessi: Water? |
| 佐藤けい子: すみません。うちの子、ジュースもお茶も好きじゃなくて・・・。(Sumimasen. Uchi no ko, jūsu mo o-cha mo suki ja nakute…) |
| Jessi: I'm sorry, my son doesn't like juice or tea. |
| POST CONVERSATION BANTER |
| Naomi: ジェシーさんお酒飲みますか。(Jeshī-san o-sake nomimasu ka.) Do you drink alcohol? |
| Jessi: たまに飲みます。(Tama ni nomimasu.) Occasionally! 直美さんは？(Naomi-san wa?) How about yourself? |
| Naomi: うーん。嫌いじゃないですけど、あまり飲みません。(Ūn. Kirai ja nai desu kedo, amari nomimasen.) I don’t hate it. But I don’t drink much.でも、バーベキューのときは、ときどき飲みます。(Demo, bābekyū no toki wa, tokidoki nomimasu.) |
| Jessi: Ah, so if there’s a barbecue, then you might have something to drink. |
| Naomi: そうですね。外で飲むのは気持ち良いですからね。(Sō desu ne. Soto de nomu no wa kimochi ii desu kara ne.) |
| Jessi: So drinking outdoors is fun. |
| Naomi: そう。(Sō.) |
| Jessi: ああ、分かります。(Ā, wakarimasu.) |
| Naomi: ですよね？(Desu yo ne?) |
Lesson focus |
|---|
| Jessi: In this lesson, you'll learn how to use particles to connect two or more nouns. |
| Naomi: You’ll learn the usage of the particles と (to), や (ya) and も (mo). |
| Jessi: Allow us to start with the simplest one. と (to), which means “and.” |
| Naomi: はい。(Hai.) |
| Jessi: The particle と (to) can be used to make a complete list of two or more nouns. It corresponds to the word "and" in English. |
| Naomi: と (to) comes after every noun in the list except the last one. |
| Jessi: Right. Let us illustrate it with some examples. How do you say A and B? |
| Naomi: A と (to) B. |
| Jessi: So the particle と (to) was inserted between the two, just like “and” in English. |
| Now, how would we say “A , B and C”? |
| Naomi: A と (to) B と (to) C. |
| Jessi: So note that と (to) was inserted between each word. Now let’s keep going. How do you say “A, B, C and D”? |
| Naomi: A と (to) B と (to) C と (to) D. |
| Jessi: So again, と (to) is put between each word. This is different from English. |
| In English, we put the word “and” only between the last two nouns, but in Japanese と (to) comes after every noun except the last one. So can we hear a sample sentence? |
| Naomi: Sure. ハンバーガーとポテトとコーラをください。(Hanbāgā to poteto to kōra o kudasai.) |
| Jessi: Could I have a hamburger, French fries and a Coke please? |
| ハンバーガーとポテトとコーラ (hanbāgā to poteto to kōra) ”a hamburger, French fries and a Coke.” |
| Naomi: This と (to) is translated as “and” but と (to) also has the meaning of “together” or “with”. |
| Jessi: Exactly. The particle と (to) is also used to show involvement - that an action was done together with someone. This corresponds to "together" or "with" in English. |
| Naomi: そうです。(Sō desu.) Here’s the sample sentence. ジョンはよう子と結婚した。(Jon wa Yōko to kekkon shita.) |
| Jessi: John got married with, or to, Yoko. ようこと (Yōko to) is “with Yoko”. |
| Naomi: そうです。(Sō desu.) Right. Of course you can also say ジョンとよう子は結婚した。(Jon to Yōko wa kekkon shita.) |
| Jessi: John and Yoko got married. Just a different way of saying the same thing, right? |
| Naomi: そうです。同じことです。(Sō desu. Onaji koto desu.) |
| Jessi: On to the next particle. |
| Naomi: や (ya). |
| Jessi: The particle や (ya) is also used to connect two or more things in a list. |
| Naomi: But a list that uses や (ya) is not a complete list. |
| Jessi: That’s right. When や (ya) is used, it shows that the list is only partial. |
| It corresponds to "A and B and so on" or "things like A and B" in English. |
| Why don’t we compare a sentence with と (to) and a sentence with や (ya)? |
| Naomi: Good idea. |
| くつとかばんを買いました。(Kutsu to kaban o kaimashita.) “I bought shoes and a bag.” |
| くつやかばんを買いました。(Kutsu ya kaban o kaimashita.) “I bought things like shoes and a bag among other items.” |
| Jessi: くつとかばん (kutsu to kaban) means “shoes and a bag.” So the sentence 靴とかばんを買いました。(Kutsu to kaban o kaimashita.) means that the only things that the speaker bought were shoes and a bag. |
| On the other hand, くつやかばん (kutsu ya kaban) means “shoes and a bag, among other things.” So the sentence 靴やかばんを買いました。(Kutsu ya kaban o kaimashita.) implies that the speaker bought other items as well. |
| Naomi: Sometimes we use など (nado) “etc” at the end of the list for emphasis. |
| For example, 靴やかばんなどを買いました。(Kutsu ya kaban nado o kaimashita.) “I bought shoes, a bag, etc.” |
| Of course など (nado) can only be used with や (ya), and not と (to), so be careful. |
| Jessi: OK. So what’s the last particle we’re covering? |
| Naomi: も (mo), We’re going to look at the structure A も (mo) B も(mo). |
| Jessi: In lesson 1, you learned the particle も (mo), which means "also" or "too". |
| In this lesson, you'll learn a construction that uses this particle mo. This construction ‘A も (mo) B も (mo)‘ corresponds to "both A and B" or "neither A nor B" in English. For example: |
| Naomi: 私の父も母も歌手です。(Watashi no chichi mo haha mo kashu desu.) |
| Jessi: “Both my father and my mother are singers.” |
| Please notice that in the A も (mo) B も (mo) structure, も (mo) follows every noun including the last one. |
| Naomi: Right. Not 父も母 (chichi mo haha), but 父も母も (chichi mo haha mo). |
| Jessi: Can we use も (mo) more than twice? |
| Naomi: Yes you can. For example, 父も母も兄も歌手です。(Chichi mo haha mo ani mo kashu desu.) |
| Jessi: My father, my mother, and my brother are singers. |
| So Naomi-sensei, can you tell us how the A も(mo) B も (mo) structure is different from just using と (to)? Because you could also say 父と母と兄は歌手です (chichi to haha to ani wa kashu desu) for “My father, my mother, and my brother are singers” right? |
| Naomi: Good question! That’s a really tough question, but I would say they’re similar but the A も (mo) B も (mo) construction puts more emphasis on each item. You know what I mean? |
| Jessi: Hmm. I see. |
| Naomi: Like 父「も」母「も」兄「も」歌手です。(Chichi ‘mo’ haha ‘mo’ ani ‘mo’ kashu desu.) |
| Jessi: Hmm, so if you’re trying to emphasize each item individually then you might want to use も (mo). |
| Naomi: そうですね。(Sō desu ne.) It’s a bit difficult to translate into English, isn’t it? |
| Jessi: Mm, I think so. In that case you might just use intonation, so something like “My father and my mother and my brother are all singers.” |
| Naomi: Mm. I see. |
| Jessi: In this lesson you learned particles that are used to connect nouns. |
| Let’s recap this lesson with a quiz. |
| Naomi-sensei is going to read a sentence. Your job is to choose the best English translation. Are you ready? Here’s the sentence. |
| Naomi: サンドイッチやサラダを食べました。(Sandoitchi ya sarada o tabemashita.) |
| Jessi: Is this |
| 1. I ate a sandwich and salad. |
| 2. I ate both a sandwich and salad. |
| 3. I ate a sandwich, a salad, and so on. |
| Naomi: The answer is? |
| Jessi: 3. I ate a sandwich, a salad, and so on. |
| Naomi-sensei, can we hear the sentence again? |
| Naomi: Sure. サンドイッチやサラダを食べました。(Sandoitchi ya sarada o tabemashita.) |
| Jessi: Do you remember? や (ya) is used with incomplete lists. So it implies that the speaker ate other things as well. |
| OK. Let’s translate other choices into Japanese. |
| Choice 1- “I ate a sandwich and a salad.” |
| Naomi: サンドイッチとサラダを食べました。(Sandoitchi to sarada o tabemashita.) と (to) means “and.” So a sandwich and a salad are the only items you ate. |
| Jessi: How about choice 2? “I ate both a sandwich and salad.” |
| Naomi: サンドイッチもサラダも食べました。(Sandoitchi mo sarada mo tabemashita.) |
| Jessi: A も (mo) B も (mo) means “Both A and B.” |
| Naomi: OK. Well, that’s all for this lesson. |
| Naomi: それじゃあまた。(Sorejā mata.) |
| Jessi: See you next time. |
| DIALOGUE |
| 佐藤けい子: ソーセージと野菜を買ってきました。(Sōsēji to yasai o katte kimashita.) |
| 田中（妻): ありがとうございます。(Arigatō gozaimasu.) |
| : ビールやワインやジュースがあります。何を飲みますか。(Bīru ya wain ya jūsu ga arimasu. Nani o nomimasu ka.) |
| 佐藤けい子: じゃ、お茶ありますか？(Ja, o-cha arimasu ka?) |
| 田中（妻): ありますよ。はいどうぞ。順君は？(Arimasu yo. Hai dōzo. Jun-kun wa?) |
| 佐藤順: お水。(O-mizu.) |
| 田中（妻): お水？(O-mizu?) |
| 佐藤けい子: すみません。うちの子、ジュースもお茶も好きじゃなくて・・・。(Sumimasen. Uchi no ko, jūsu mo o-cha mo suki ja nakute…) |
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