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| INTRODUCTION |
| Jessi: A Golden Anniversary: Looking Back Over Japanese Particles No, Wa, Ga, and O. |
| Naomi: なおみです。(Naomi desu.) |
| Jessi: Jessi here. So, we learned the usage of particles が (ga) and の (no) in relative clauses in the last lesson, right? |
| Naomi: Right. The subject of a relative clause has to be marked by either が (ga) or の (no). |
| Jessi: Let’s show a quick example. How do you say “The person I saw was a singer.”? |
| Naomi: 私が見た人は歌手だった。(Watashi ga mita hito wa kashu datta.) Or 私の見た人は歌手だった。(Watashi no mita hito wa kashu datta.) |
| Jessi: From this lesson, Lesson 21 to Lesson 25, we’re going to review all of the particles we learned in this series. We know we presented you with a lot of information, so here’s where we go back and take a look at each one. Which ones are we going to review in this lesson? |
| Naomi: In this lesson you'll review the usage of the particles は (wa), が (ga) and を (o). |
| Jessi: And there are three people in this lesson’s dialogue, right? |
| Naomi: そうですね。(Sō desu ne.) Right. 佐藤ジュン君とジュン君のおじいさんとおばあさんです。(Satō Jun-kun to Jun-kun no o-jii-san to o-bā-san desu.) |
| Naomi: So Jun Sato and his grandparents. Where does this conversation take place? |
| Naomi: うち。(Uchi.) |
| Jessi: At home. Now let’s listen to the conversation. |
| DIALOGUE |
| おばあさん:おじいさん、良い夢を見ましたよ。(O-jii-san, ii yume o mimashita yo.) |
| おじいさん:ほう。そうですか。(Hō. Sō desu ka.) |
| 孫（佐藤順）:おじいちゃーん、おばあちゃーん。こんにちは。(O-jii-chān, o-bā-chān. Kon’nichiwa.) |
| : 金婚式、おめでとう。(Kinkonshiki, omedetō.) |
| おじいさん:おやおや、ありがとう。(Oya oya, arigatō.) |
| 孫:これをあげる。金の傘と、銀の傘。(Kore o ageru. Kin no kasa to, gin no kasa.) |
| : おじいちゃんには金色の傘。おばあちゃんには銀色の傘。(O-jii-chan ni wa kin’iro no kasa. O-bā-chan ni wa gin’iro no kasa.) |
| おばあさん:だれが作ったの？(Dare ga tsukutta no?) |
| 孫:僕が、折り紙で作ったんだ。(Boku ga, origami de tsukutta n da.) |
| もう一度お願いします。今度はゆっくりお願いします。(Mō ichi-do onegai shimasu. Kondo wa yukkuri onegai shimasu.) |
| おばあさん:おじいさん、良い夢を見ましたよ。(O-jii-san, ii yume o mimashita yo.) |
| おじいさん:ほう。そうですか。(Hō. Sō desu ka.) |
| 孫（佐藤順）:おじいちゃーん、おばあちゃーん。こんにちは。(O-jii-chān, o-bā-chān. Kon’nichiwa.) |
| : 金婚式、おめでとう。(Kinkonshiki, omedetō.) |
| おじいさん:おやおや、ありがとう。(Oya oya, arigatō.) |
| 孫:これをあげる。金の傘と、銀の傘。(Kore o ageru. Kin no kasa to, gin no kasa.) |
| : おじいちゃんには金色の傘。おばあちゃんには銀色の傘。(O-jii-chan ni wa kin’iro no kasa. O-bā-chan ni wa gin’iro no kasa.) |
| おばあさん:だれが作ったの？(Dare ga tsukutta no?) |
| 孫:僕が、折り紙で作ったんだ。(Boku ga, origami de tsukutta n da.) |
| 今度は英語が入ります。(Kondo wa Eigo ga hairimasu.) |
| おばあさん:おじいさん、良い夢を見ましたよ。(O-jii-san, ii yume o mimashita yo.) |
| Jessi: Gramps, I had a very nice dream! |
| おじいさん:ほう。そうですか。(Hō. Sō desu ka.) |
| Jessi: Oh, is that so? |
| 孫（佐藤順）:おじいちゃーん、おばあちゃーん。こんにちは。(O-jii-chān, o-bā-chān. Kon’nichiwa.) |
| Jessi: Grandpa! Grandma! Hi!! |
| : 金婚式、おめでとう。(Kinkonshiki, omedetō.) |
| Jessi: Congratulations on your fiftieth anniversary! |
| おじいさん:おやおや、ありがとう。(Oya oya, arigatō.) |
| Jessi: Well, thank you! |
| 孫:これをあげる。金の傘と、銀の傘。(Kore o ageru. Kin no kasa to, gin no kasa.) |
| Jessi: I'll give these to you. A gold umbrella and a silver umbrella! |
| : おじいちゃんには金色の傘。おばあちゃんには銀色の傘。(O-jii-chan ni wa kin’iro no kasa. O-bā-chan ni wa gin’iro no kasa.) |
| Jessi: The gold umbrella is for Grandpa, and the silver umbrella is for Grandma. |
| おばあさん:だれが作ったの？(Dare ga tsukutta no?) |
| Jessi: Who made these? |
| 孫:僕が、折り紙で作ったんだ。(Boku ga, origami de tsukutta n da.) |
| Jessi: I made them out of origami! |
| POST CONVERSATION BANTER |
| Naomi: このダイアログは前回の続きです。(Kono daiarogu wa zenkai no tsuzuki desu.) This story continues from the previous episode. |
| Jessi: You’re right! They’re connected - In the previous lesson, the old lady had a dream. Right? |
| Naomi: Right. In that dream, a man told the lady あなたは、正直ですね。では、あなたに、銀の傘と 金の傘を あげます。(Anata wa, shōjiki desu ne. Dewa, anata ni, gin no kasa to kin no kasa o agemasu.) |
| Jessi: “You're very honest, aren't you? Well, I'll give you both the silver and gold umbrellas.” I don’t think this would happen in real life, so it had to be a dream. Based on that famous story we were talking about, right? |
| Naomi: そうですね。(Sō desu ne.) Yeah.「正直なきこり」(‘Shōjiki na kikori’) “The Honest Woodcutter.” |
Lesson focus |
|---|
| Jessi: In this lesson, you'll review the usage of the particles は (wa), が (ga) and を(o). |
| We’re going to start with the particle は (wa). |
| The particle は (wa) is used to mark the topic of a sentence or to show contrast in a sentence. |
| Naomi: We covered particle は (wa) in lesson 1, lesson 11 and 12. |
| Jessi: In Lesson 1, we learned how は (wa) is used as the topic marking particle. What this means is that this は (wa) tells the listener what you're going to be talking about. |
| Naomi: は (wa) can be translated as “as for”. For example, 私はエンジニアです。(Watashi wa enjinia desu.) |
| Jessi: “As for me, an engineer am.” Of course it means “I'm an engineer.” |
| Naomi: In lesson 11 and 12, we learned that は (wa) is also used to show contrast. |
| Jessi: Can we hear an example of that? |
| Naomi: Sure. 牛肉は好きですが、とり肉は好きではありません。(Gyūniku wa suki desu ga, toriniku wa suki de wa arimasen.) |
| Jessi: I like beef, but I don't like chicken. So the は (wa) here shows the contrast between these two. |
| Jessi: OK, now on to the next particle が (ga). The particle が (ga) marks the object for certain verbs and adjectives. |
| Naomi: Right. Verbs or adjectives that express desire, necessity, emotion or ability. |
| たとえば。(Tatoeba.) For example… ほしい (hoshii) “to want”, 必要 (hitsuyō) “to need”, 好き (suki) “to like”, できる (dekiru) “can”, “be able to” and so on. |
| Jessi: Do you remember this from Lesson 10? OK, let’s hear some sample sentences. |
| Naomi: 時間がほしい。(Jikan ga hoshii.) “I want time.” 時間が必要。(Jikan ga hitsuyō.) “I need time.” |
| Jessi: が (ga) is also used to indicate existence, right? |
| Naomi: そうですね。(Sō desu ne.) Right. So が (ga) is often used with ある (aru) and いる (iru), meaning “to have“ or “to exist.” |
| For example, ペットがいる。(Petto ga iru.) “I have a pet.” |
| Jessi: And Naomi-sensei, I was wondering something. Is it true that some people pronounce が (ga) nasally? |
| Naomi: Ahh like NGA? |
| Jessi: Yeah. I’ve heard it before. |
| Naomi: Yeah, it’s true. But it doesn’t really matter. Both “GA” and “NGA” are acceptable, so don’t worry too much. |
| Jessi: What else did we learn about が (ga) in this series? |
| Naomi: There’s more. が (ga) marks WH- questions. |
| Jessi: So if you remember, when a question word was the nominative, or subject, of the sentence, it had to be marked by が (ga). |
| Naomi: だれが言いましたか。(Dare ga iimashita ka.) “Who said that?” or どのバスが空港に行きますか。(Dono basu ga kūkō ni ikimasu ka.) “Which bus goes to the airport?” |
| Jessi: And this was covered in Lesson 9. |
| For non-native speakers, the difference between は (wa) and が (ga) is extremely difficult. We even touched on this in Lesson 19 right? |
| Naomi: そうですね。(Sō desu ne.) Right. You learned how to use は (wa) and が (ga) in negative sentences. For example, If someone asks you. 日本食が好きですか。(Nihonshoku ga suki desu ka.) |
| Jessi: “Do you like Japanese food?” |
| Naomi: If your answer is No, the object 日本食 (Nihonshoku) in this case, has to be marked by は (wa) not が (ga), like it normally would be. |
| So, いいえ、日本食は好きじゃありません。(Iie, Nihonshoku wa suki ja arimasen.) “No, I don’t like Japanese food.” |
| And you need to review one more usage of が (ga). |
| Jessi: And what is that？ |
| Naomi: が (ga) meaning “but.” Because it’s very common to end sentences with が (ga). |
| Like 明日は暇ですが...。(Ashita wa hima desu ga…) “I’m free tomorrow, but…” すみませんが…。(Sumimasen ga…) “I’m sorry, but…” |
| Jessi: This が (ga) is often used to soften a refusal. And by ending a sentence with が (ga), what they’re really doing is leaving off the rest of the sentence; usually something comes after that, like their reason for something or something like that. But instead they’re not going into much detail. |
| Naomi: When we end a sentence with が (ga), we kind of expect the listener to fill in the blank. |
| Jessi: So you’re not being explicit with what you’re saying. You’re just implying. |
| Naomi: そうそうそう。(Sō sō sō.) |
| Jessi: So let’s show with an example. 直美さん、お昼ご飯に行きませんか。(Naomi-san, o-hirugohan ni ikimasen ka.) “Naomi, do you want to go out for lunch? “ |
| Naomi: あ～～。すみませんが・・・。(Ā. Sumimasen ga…) “Well… I’m sorry but…” |
| Jessi: Right, so here Naomi is not giving me the rest of the sentence that should be for me to kind of fill in on my own. |
| Naomi: Right. |
| Jessi: So if you used this が (ga) meaning “but”, your Japanese would sound even more natural. |
| Naomi: はい。(Hai.) |
| Jessi: And now on to the last particle. |
| Naomi: The object marking particle を (o) |
| Jessi: Right. を (o) marks the object of an action. |
| Naomi: In lesson 2 we learned the sentence これをください。(Kore o kudasai.) “Please give me this one.” |
| Jessi: In lesson 7 you learned that を (o) also marks the place where some movement takes place. |
| Naomi: For example, 公園を歩く (kōen o aruku) “to walk in the park”, 橋を渡る (hashi o wataru) “to cross the bridge.” |
| Jessi: And in Lesson 17, you learned that を (o) marks the place that someone leaves or departs from. |
| Naomi: For example, 家を出る (ie o deru) “‘to leave home”, 電車を降りる (densha o oriru) “to get off the train.” |
| Jessi: In this lesson you reviewed the usage of particle は (wa), が (ga) and を (o). |
| Now let’s recap this lesson with a quiz. |
| Naomi-sensei is going to ask you a question. Your job is to choose the best answer from the choices provided. Are you ready? |
| Naomi: みなさんは、兄弟がいますか。(Mina-san wa, kyōdai ga imasu ka.) |
| 1. いいえ、兄弟はいません。(Iie, kyōdai wa imasen.) |
| 2. いいえ、兄弟がいません。(Iie, kyōdai ga imasen.) |
| 3. いいえ、兄弟をいません。(Iie, kyōdai o imasen.) |
| Jessi: Can we hear the question again? |
| Naomi: みなさんは、兄弟がいますか。(Mina-san wa, kyōdai ga imasu ka.) “So everyone, do you have any brothers or sisters?” |
| Jessi: And the answer is? |
| Naomi: 1. いいえ、兄弟はいません。(Iie, kyōdai wa imasen.) “No. I don’t have any brothers and sisters.” |
| Jessi: So when answering no to a question, the object is usually marked by the particle は (wa). |
| So that means you have to say いいえ、兄弟「は」いません。(Iie, kyōdai ‘wa’ imasen.) |
| Let’s look at the other choices. Choice 2 was… |
| Naomi: いいえ、兄弟がいません。(Iie, kyōdai ga imasen.) Well… It’s not completely wrong. But still… if you’re answering a question in a negative way, it’s more natural to mark the object with は (wa). |
| Jessi: And Choice 3? |
| Naomi: いいえ、兄弟をいません。(Iie, kyōdai o imasen.) |
| Jessi: This is completely wrong, isn’t it? Since います (imasu) is indicating existence, the verb います (imasu), which indicates existence is never paired with the particle を (o). |
| Naomi: Right. OK. So that’s all for this lesson. それじゃ、また。(Soreja, mata.) |
| Jessi: See you next time. |
| DIALOGUE |
| おばあさん:おじいさん、良い夢を見ましたよ。(O-jii-san, ii yume o mimashita yo.) |
| おじいさん:ほう。そうですか。(Hō. Sō desu ka.) |
| 孫（佐藤順）:おじいちゃーん、おばあちゃーん。こんにちは。(O-jii-chān, o-bā-chān. Kon’nichiwa.) |
| : 金婚式、おめでとう。(Kinkonshiki, omedetō.) |
| おじいさん:おやおや、ありがとう。(Oya oya, arigatō.) |
| 孫:これをあげる。金の傘と、銀の傘。(Kore o ageru. Kin no kasa to, gin no kasa.) |
| : おじいちゃんには金色の傘。おばあちゃんには銀色の傘。(O-jii-chan ni wa kin’iro no kasa. O-bā-chan ni wa gin’iro no kasa.) |
| おばあさん:だれが作ったの？(Dare ga tsukutta no?) |
| 孫:僕が、折り紙で作ったんだ。(Boku ga, origami de tsukutta n da.) |
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