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| INTRODUCTION |
| Jessi: Japanese particles で (de) and から (kara), other right tools to get the job done. |
| Naomi: こんにちは、ナオミです。(Kon’nichiwa, Naomi desu.) |
| Jessi: Jessi here. All right, Naomi-sensei, what did we study in the previous lesson? |
| Naomi: In the previous lesson, we covered 4 sentence ending particles, which were の (no), な (na), かな (ka na) and じゃん (jan). |
| Jessi: And which of those particles expresses the speaker’s uncertainty? |
| Naomi: かな・・・かな？(Ka na… ka na?) (笑) かな (ka na) You guess? (笑） |
| Jessi: What particles are we covering in this lesson? |
| Naomi: In this lesson, you'll learn particles used to indicate the means of doing something or the material used to make something. |
| Jessi: And who is this conversation between |
| Naomi: 佐藤けい子さんと、けい子さんの旦那さんです。(Satō Keiko-san to, Keiko-san no danna-san desu.) |
| Jessi: Keiko Sato and her husband. |
| Naomi: けい子さんは、料理をしています。(Keiko-san wa, ryōri o shite imasu.) |
| Jessi: Keiko is cooking something. So please listen for what she’s making. OK. Let’s listen to the conversation. |
| DIALOGUE |
| （トントントントン）(Ton ton ton ton)（ザクッ）(Zaku) |
| 佐藤けい子:イタッ！(Ita!) |
| 佐藤（夫）:どうした？(Dō shita?) |
| 佐藤けい子:包丁で 指 切っちゃった。(Hōchō de yubi kitchatta.) |
| 佐藤（夫）:手伝うよ。(Tetsudau yo.) |
| 佐藤けい子:じゃ、包丁で、そのかぼちゃ 切って。(Ja, hōchō de, sono kabocha kitte.) |
| 佐藤（夫）:何を 作るの？(Nani o tsukuru no?) |
| 佐藤けい子:かぼちゃで スープを 作るの。(Kabocha de sūpu o tsukuru no.) |
| もう一度お願いします。今度はゆっくりお願いします。(Mō ichi-do onegai shimasu. Kondo wa yukkuri onegai shimasu.) |
| （トントントントン）(Ton ton ton ton)（ザクッ）(Zaku) |
| 佐藤けい子:イタッ！(Ita!) |
| 佐藤（夫）:どうした？(Dō shita?) |
| 佐藤けい子:包丁で 指 切っちゃった。(Hōchō de yubi kitchatta.) |
| 佐藤（夫）:手伝うよ。(Tetsudau yo.) |
| 佐藤けい子:じゃ、包丁で、そのかぼちゃ 切って。(Ja, hōchō de, sono kabocha kitte.) |
| 佐藤（夫）:何を 作るの？(Nani o tsukuru no?) |
| 佐藤けい子:かぼちゃで スープを 作るの。(Kabocha de sūpu o tsukuru no.) |
| 今度は英語が入ります。(Kondo wa Eigo ga hairimasu.) |
| （トントントントン）(Ton ton ton ton)（ザクッ）(Zaku) |
| 佐藤けい子:イタッ！(Ita!) |
| Jessi: Ouch! |
| 佐藤（夫）:どうした？(Dō shita?) |
| Jessi: What happened? |
| 佐藤けい子:包丁で 指 切っちゃった。(Hōchō de yubi kitchatta.) |
| Jessi: I cut my finger with the knife. |
| 佐藤（夫）:手伝うよ。(Tetsudau yo.) |
| Jessi: I'll help you out. |
| 佐藤けい子:じゃ、包丁で、そのかぼちゃ 切って。(Ja, hōchō de, sono kabocha kitte.) |
| Jessi: Okay, could you cut the pumpkin with the knife? |
| 佐藤（夫）:何を 作るの？(Nani o tsukuru no?) |
| Jessi: What are you going to make? |
| 佐藤けい子:かぼちゃで スープを 作るの。(Kabocha de sūpu o tsukuru no.) |
| Jessi: I'm going to make soup with the pumpkin. |
| POST CONVERSATION BANTER |
| Jessi: けい子さんは何を作っていましたか。(Keiko-san wa nani o tsukutte imashita ka.) What was she making? |
| Naomi: かぼちゃのスープですね。(Kabocha no sūpu desu ne.) She was making pumpkin soup. |
| Jessi: おいしそうですね。(Oishisō desu ne.) That sounds really good! |
| Naomi: ね！あ、でも、わたしも、野菜でスープを時々つくります。(Ne! A, demo, watashi mo, yasai de sūpu o tokidoki tsukurimasu.) |
| Jessi: So you make soup with vegetables sometimes? |
| Naomi: うん、時々ね。ジェシーさんは料理をしますか。(Un, tokidoki ne. Jeshī-san wa ryōri o shimasu ka.) How about you, Jessi? Do you cook? |
| Jessi: うーん、 時々しますけど、上手ではないです。(Ūn, tokidoki shimasu kedo, jōzu de wa nai desu.) |
| Naomi: あ、そうなんですか。(A, sō nan desu ka.) |
| jessi: I do cook sometimes, but I’m a bad cook. (笑) でも、上手くなりたいです。(Demo, umaku naritai desu.) I’d like to get good at it! |
| Naomi: うん、上手になりたいですよね。(Un, jōzu ni naritai desu yo ne.) |
Lesson focus |
|---|
| Jessi: In this lesson, you'll learn some particle that indicate the means of doing something, or the materials used to make something, |
| Naomi: That’s right. We’ll be covering the usage of particles で (de) and から (kara). |
| Jessi: First, let’s start with the particle で (de). |
| Naomi: In Lesson 7, you learned that で (de) marks where an action takes place. |
| For example, 公園で (kōen de) “at the park”, as in わたし達は公園でバーベキューをした。(Watashi-tachi wa kōen de bābekyū o shita.) |
| Jessi: “We had a barbecue at the park.” |
| In this lesson, you'll learn how で (de) is used to talk about the means or material used to do something. First let’s take a look at how で (de) marks the means or tool used to do something. |
| Naomi: This で (de) can be translated as "by" or "with" in English. |
| And で (de) is also used to mark the means of transportation. |
| Jessi: Can we hear some examples of that? |
| Naomi: Sure. 電車 (densha) is “train”, so 電車で (densha de) is “by train.” 車 (kuruma) is “car”, so 車で (kuruma de) is “by car.” |
| Jessi So ‘by’ bus would be バスで (basu de)? |
| Naomi: Right. So…わたしはバスで学校に行く。(Watashi wa basu de gakkō ni iku.) “I go to school by bus.” |
| Jessi: And along with means of transportation, で (de) also marks the instrument or tool used to do something. |
| Naomi: Right. In the dialogue, Keiko said… 包丁で、そのかぼちゃ 切って。(Hōcho de, sono kabocha kitte.) “Could you cut the pumpkin with the knife?” She also said 包丁で 指 切っちゃった。(Hōchō de yubi kitchatta.) “I cut my finger with the knife.” |
| Jessi: So notice that we have で (de) in 包丁で (hōchō de) “with the knife”. Here it’s marking the tool that is used. |
| Naomi: Language is a communication tool, isn’t it? So that means languages are also marked by で (de). For example, 英語で言ってください。(Eigo de itte kudasai.) “Please say it in English.” |
| Jessi: So for example, if you want your Japanese friend to speak to you in Japanese, you can say…日本語で話してください。(Nihon-go de hanashite kudasai.) And that works？ |
| Naomi: うん、そうですね。(Un, sō desu ne.) Sure. |
| Jessi: Like we mentioned before, で (de) also marks the material something is made of or from. It's equivalent to "with," "from" or "out of" in English |
| Naomi: For example, 木 (ki) is “tree”, so 木で (ki de) means “from wood” or “out of wood.” |
| So… わたしは、木でテーブルを作りました。(Watashi wa, ki de tēburu o tsukurimashita.) means “I made a table out of wood.” |
| Or わたしは、木で和紙を作りました。(Watashi wa, ki de washi o tsukurimashita.) means “I made Japanese washi paper out of wood.” |
| The next particle we’re looking at is から (kara). |
| Jessi: In Lessons 5 and 6, you learned how to use から (kara) to mark a starting point or time. In this lesson, you'll learn the usage of から (kara) indicating material something is made from. The equivalent in English is "from." Can we hear a sample sentence? |
| Naomi: わたしは、木から和紙を作りました。(Watashi wa, ki kara washi o tsukurimashita.) “I made Japanese washi paper from wood.” |
| Jessi: Both から (kara) and で (de) are used to mark the material and are therefore similar in usage. |
| Naomi: うん、そうですね。(Un, sō desu ne.) Very similar. But から (kara) marks the material that doesn't retain its original state. Does it make sense? |
| Jessi: Hmm, I think so – it doesn’t resemble what it used to look like, is that correct? |
| Naomi: そうですね。 (Sō desu ne.) Paper is made from wood. But wood goes through a somewhat complex process. It doesn’t retain its original state any more when it becomes paper. In that case, you can mark the material either by から (kara) or で (de). |
| Jessi: And what if the raw material used is obvious from the product? |
| Naomi: You have to mark the material with で (de) not から (kara). |
| Jessi: OK. So let’s think of how to say “to make wine from grapes”. |
| Here’s a hint. In this case the raw material used is not obvious from the product, so the material can be marked by either で (de) or から (kara). |
| Naomi: ぶどうでワインをつくる。(Budō de wain o tsukuru.) Or, ぶどうからワインをつくる。(Budō kara wain o tsukuru.) |
| Jessi: So both of those are OK. |
| Naomi: はい、そうです。(Hai, sō desu.) |
| Jessi: And now how would you say “I make an omelet out of eggs?” In this case, the raw material is really obvious from the product, so the material is marked by で (de). |
| Naomi: 卵でオムレツをつくる。(Tamago de omuretsu o tsukuru.) In this case you cannot say 卵からオムレツをつくる。(Tamago kara omuretsu o tsukuru.) That sounds unnatural. |
| Jessi: Ah, got it. In this lesson you learned particles used to indicate the means of doing something or the material used to make something. |
| Now let’s recap this lesson with a quiz. |
| I’m going to read an English sentence. Your job is to choose the best Japanese translation from the choices provided. Are you ready? Here’s the sentence. |
| I go to work by car. |
| Naomi: 1. 仕事で車に行く (shigoto de kuruma ni iku) |
| 2. 車で仕事に行く (kuruma de shigoto ni iku) |
| Jessi: OK. And the answer is? |
| Naomi: 2. 車で仕事に行く (kuruma de shigoto ni iku) |
| Jessi: So remember that で (de) comes after the means of doing something – in this case, the means of transportation. So the word order should be 車で (kuruma de) by car. |
| Naomi: 仕事 (shigoto) is work, so… 車で仕事に行く (kuruma de shigoto ni iku) means “I go to work by car.” |
| Jessi: All right. Let’s do one more quiz question. This time, Naomi-sensei is going to ask you a question in Japanese. Please choose the best answer from the choices provided. Here we go. |
| Naomi: お酒は何で作りますか。(O-sake wa nani de tsukurimasu ka.) |
| Naomi: 1. はい、そうです。(Hai, sō desu.) |
| 2. いいえ、何から作りません。(Iie, nani kara tsukurimasen.) |
| 3. 米から作ります。(Kome kara tsukurimasu.) |
| Jessi: And the answer is? |
| Naomi: 3. 米から作ります。(Kome kara tsukurimasu.) |
| Jessi: Can we hear the question again? |
| Naomi: Sure. お酒は何で作りますか。(O-sake wa nani de tsukurimasu ka.) “What is sake made from?” |
| Jessi: 何で (nani de) is “out of what?” or “from what?” and it’s a WH question. So that means you can’t answer using yes or no. So in that case, choices 1 and 2 are not correct. |
| Naomi: そうです。(Sō desu.) |
| Jessi: OK. Well, that’s all for this lesson. それじゃまた。(Soreja mata.) |
| Jessi: See you next time. |
| DIALOGUE |
| （トントントントン）(Ton ton ton ton)（ザクッ）(Zaku) |
| 佐藤けい子:イタッ！(Ita!) |
| 佐藤（夫）:どうした？(Dō shita?) |
| 佐藤けい子:包丁で 指 切っちゃった。(Hōchō de yubi kitchatta.) |
| 佐藤（夫）:手伝うよ。(Tetsudau yo.) |
| 佐藤けい子:じゃ、包丁で、そのかぼちゃ 切って。(Ja, hōchō de, sono kabocha kitte.) |
| 佐藤（夫）:何を 作るの？(Nani o tsukuru no?) |
| 佐藤けい子:かぼちゃで スープを 作るの。(Kabocha de sūpu o tsukuru no.) |
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