INTRODUCTION |
Naomi: ็ด็พใงใใ (Naomidesu.) |
Peter: Peter here. The Most Meaningful Japanese Lesson Yet. In this lesson, you will learn more about formal and informal speech by reviewing the past form of adjectives. |
Naomi: Such as ็พๅณใใใฃใใ (Oishikatta.) |
Peter: It was delicious. |
Naomi: ใใใใ ใฃใใ (Kireidatta.) |
Peter: It was beautiful or perhaps he or perhaps she was beautiful. This conversation takes place at |
Naomi: ๅฎถใงใใ (Iedesu.) At home ใใซใทใขใใใฎใขใใผใใงใใ (Marushia-san no apฤtodesu.) |
Peter: Maricโs apartment. The conversation is between three people right? |
Naomi: ใใใงใใญใ (Sลdesu ne.) Thatโs right ใใซใทใขใจใใใใใใจใใฐใใใใ (Marushia to ojฤซsan to obฤsan.) |
Peter: Marcia and her grandparents. Her grandfather and grandmother and they are talking about their trip to |
Naomi: ้ๅ (Kamakura) |
Peter: Marcia and her grandfather speak informal Japanese but her grandmother speaks |
Naomi: Formal Japanese. |
Peter: Letโs listen to the conversation. |
DIALOGUE |
(ใใณใใผใณ) ((pinpลn)) |
ใใซใทใข (Marushia): ใใใใกใใใใใฐใใกใใใใๅธฐใใ (O-jฤซ-chan, o-bฤ-chan, o-kaeri.) |
ใใฐใใใ (Obฤsan): ใใ ใใพใใใซใทใขใกใใใ (Tadaima, Marushia-chan.) |
ใใซใทใข (Marushia): ้ๅๆ
่กใฏ ใฉใใ ใฃใ? (Kamakura ryokล wa dล datta?) |
ใใฐใใใ (Obฤsan): ใชใใชใ ๆฅฝใใใฃใใงใใใใญใใใใใใใใ (Nakanaka tanoshikatta desu yo. Nฤ, o-jฤซ-san.) |
ใใใใใ (Ojฤซsan): ใใใไบบๅ่ปใฏ ๆฅฝใใใฃใใญใใพใ ไนใใใใญใ (ฤ. jinrikisha wa tanoshikatta ne. Mata noritai ne.) |
ใใซใทใข (Marushia): ๅคงไธๅคซใ ใฃใ?ๅฏใใชใใฃใ? (Daijลbu datta? Samukunakatta?) |
ใใใใใ (Ojฤซsan): ๅฏใใฃใใใฉใใชใใชใ ๆฐๆใกใใใฃใใ (Samukatta kedo, nakanaka kimochi yokatta.) |
ใใฐใใใ (Obฤsan): ใงใใใใขใผใฎใๅฎขใใใฏ ๅนดๅฏใใ ๅคใใฃใใงใใญใ (Demo, tsuฤ no o-kyaku-san wa toshiyori ga ลkatta desu ne.) |
ใใใใใ (Ojฤซsan): ใใใใใใใฃใจ่ฅใไบบใจ ่ฉฑใใใใฃใใ (Sล sล. Motto wakai hito to hanashitakatta.) |
ใใฐใใใ (Obฤsan): ใใใใใ ใใใซใทใขใกใใใๆๆฅใๅ
ญๆฌๆจใฎใฏใฉใใซ ้ฃใใฆ่กใฃใฆใใ (A, sล da. Marushia-chan, ashita, Roppongi no kurabu ni tsurete itte yo.) |
ใใไธๅบฆใใ้กใใใพใใไปๅบฆใฏใใใฃใใใ้กใใใพใใ (Mลichido, onegaishimasu. Kondo wa, yukkuri onegaishimasu.) |
ใใซใทใข (Marushia): ใใใใกใใใใใฐใใกใใใใๅธฐใใ (O-jฤซ-chan, o-bฤ-chan, o-kaeri.) |
ใใฐใใใ (Obฤsan): ใใ ใใพใใใซใทใขใกใใใ (Tadaima, Marushia-chan.) |
ใใซใทใข (Marushia): ้ๅๆ
่กใฏ ใฉใใ ใฃใ? (Kamakura ryokล wa dล datta?) |
ใใฐใใใ (Obฤsan): ใชใใชใ ๆฅฝใใใฃใใงใใใใญใใใใใใใใ (Nakanaka tanoshikatta desu yo. Nฤ, o-jฤซ-san.) |
ใใใใใ (Ojฤซsan): ใใใไบบๅ่ปใฏ ๆฅฝใใใฃใใญใใพใ ไนใใใใญใ (ฤ. jinrikisha wa tanoshikatta ne. Mata noritai ne.) |
ใใซใทใข (Marushia): ๅคงไธๅคซใ ใฃใ?ๅฏใใชใใฃใ? (Daijลbu datta? Samukunakatta?) |
ใใใใใ (Ojฤซsan): ๅฏใใฃใใใฉใใชใใชใ ๆฐๆใกใใใฃใใ (Samukatta kedo, nakanaka kimochi yokatta.) |
ใใฐใใใ (Obฤsan): ใงใใใใขใผใฎใๅฎขใใใฏ ๅนดๅฏใใ ๅคใใฃใใงใใญใ (Demo, tsuฤ no o-kyaku-san wa toshiyori ga ลkatta desu ne.) |
ใใใใใ (Ojฤซsan): ใใใใใใใฃใจ่ฅใไบบใจ ่ฉฑใใใใฃใใ (Sล sล. Motto wakai hito to hanashitakatta.) |
ใใฐใใใ (Obฤsan): ใใใใใ ใใใซใทใขใกใใใๆๆฅใๅ
ญๆฌๆจใฎใฏใฉใใซ ้ฃใใฆ่กใฃใฆใใ (A, sล da. Marushia-chan, ashita, Roppongi no kurabu ni tsurete itte yo.) |
ไปๅบฆใฏใ่ฑ่ชใๅ
ฅใใพใใ (Kondo wa, eigo ga hairimasu.) |
(ใใณใใผใณ) ((pinpลn)) |
(Ding-dong) |
ใใซใทใข (Marushia): ใใใใกใใใใใฐใใกใใใใๅธฐใใ (O-jฤซ-chan, o-bฤ-chan, o-kaeri.) |
MARCIA: Grandpa, Grandma, welcome back! |
ใใฐใใใ (Obฤsan): ใใ ใใพใใใซใทใขใกใใใ (Tadaima, Marushia-chan.) |
GRANDMOTHER: We're back, Marcia. |
ใใซใทใข (Marushia): ้ๅๆ
่กใฏ ใฉใใ ใฃใ? (Kamakura ryokล wa dล datta?) |
MARCIA: How was your trip to Kamakura? |
ใใฐใใใ (Obฤsan): ใชใใชใ ๆฅฝใใใฃใใงใใใใญใใใใใใใใ (Nakanaka tanoshikatta desu yo. Nฤ, o-jฤซ-san.) |
GRANDMOTHER: We had quite a good time, right dear? |
ใใใใใ (Ojฤซsan): ใใใไบบๅ่ปใฏ ๆฅฝใใใฃใใญใใพใ ไนใใใใญใ (ฤ. jinrikisha wa tanoshikatta ne. Mata noritai ne.) |
GRANDFATHER: Yes, the rickshaw was fun. I want to ride again. |
ใใซใทใข (Marushia): ๅคงไธๅคซใ ใฃใ?ๅฏใใชใใฃใ? (Daijลbu datta? Samukunakatta?) |
MARCIA: Was everything all right? It wasn't too cold? |
ใใใใใ (Ojฤซsan): ๅฏใใฃใใใฉใใชใใชใ ๆฐๆใกใใใฃใใ (Samukatta kedo, nakanaka kimochi yokatta.) |
GRANDFATHER: It was cold, but it was quite comfortable. |
ใใฐใใใ (Obฤsan): ใงใใใใขใผใฎใๅฎขใใใฏ ๅนดๅฏใใ ๅคใใฃใใงใใญใ (Demo, tsuฤ no o-kyaku-san wa toshiyori ga ลkatta desu ne.) |
GRANDMOTHER: But, most of the tourists were senior citizens. |
ใใใใใ (Ojฤซsan): ใใใใใใใฃใจ่ฅใไบบใจ ่ฉฑใใใใฃใใ (Sล sล. Motto wakai hito to hanashitakatta.) |
GRANDFATHER: Right, right, I wanted to talk to younger people. |
ใใฐใใใ (Obฤsan): ใใใใใ ใใใซใทใขใกใใใๆๆฅใๅ
ญๆฌๆจใฎใฏใฉใใซ ้ฃใใฆ่กใฃใฆใใ (A, sล da. Marushia-chan, ashita, Roppongi no kurabu ni tsurete itte yo.) |
GRANDMOTHER: Oh, right. Marcia, tomorrow, take us to a club in Roppongi, will you? |
POST CONVERSATION BANTER |
Peter: Naomi Sensei, so the old man and old woman are staying at Marciaโs apartment? |
Naomi: ใใใงใใญใ (Sลdesu ne.) In lesson 30, ใใใใใ (Ojฤซsan) said ๅญซใๆฅๆฌใซไฝใใงใใใฎใงๅใใฆๆฅใพใใใใใฎๅญซใใใซใทใขใใใงใใญใ (Mago ga Nihon ni sunde irunode hajimete kimashita. Kono mago ga Marushia-sandesu ne.) |
Peter: So in lesson 30, the old man said, our granddaughter lives in Japan. So we are going to visit her. |
Naomi: ้ข็ฝใใงใใใญใ (Omoshiroidesu yo ne.) I found this sentence very interesting because in English, you usually say my granddaughter or my grandson but in Japanese, we usually use the word ๅญซ (Mago) grandchild. |
Peter: And you canโt tell gender from the word ๅญซ (Mago) |
Naomi: ใใใชใใงใใใ (Sลna ndesu yo.) |
Peter: You know, we should probably share this story that the person translating this actually made a gender mistake because the translator had no way of knowing the gender of the ๅญซ (Mago) grandchild. |
Naomi: ใใใงใใญใ (Sลdesu ne.) So the translator first translated as our grandson lives in Japan. |
Peter: So very, very interesting, gender neutral words. |
Naomi: ใใใงใใญใ (Sลdesu ne.) ใใใใใ (Moshi, kore) Our grandchild lives in Japan. Does it sound strange in English? |
Peter: No thatโs probably what the translator should have done. |
Naomi: ใใใใใใชใใ ใใชใใปใฉใญใ (ฤ,-sลna nda. Naruhodo ne.) |
Peter: ใใๅ
็ทใ (A, naisho.) We wonโt share that with her. One more quick point. I find the way that grandmother talks very interesting, the fact that she is using formal Japanese. |
Naomi: Right. She speaks formally to everybody. |
Peter: And this isnโt that uncommon for women who are a bit older around the ใใฐใใใ (Obฤsan) age. |
Naomi: So ใใฐใใใโs (Obฤsanโ s) age pretty common. |
Peter: Because like in Japanese because you get to someone in the less formal language but in this case, she has kind of maintained that formality. |
Naomi: ใใใงใใญใ (Sลdesu ne.) It sounds very sophisticated though. |
Peter: Yeah very nice. Naomi Sensei, your family, let me guess. All informal. |
Naomi: ใใใใใใญใใใใงใใ (Sล, sลne. Sลdesu.) We are very casual people. Soโฆ |
Peter: Okay on to the vocabulary section. |
VOCAB LIST |
Peter: First word |
Naomi: ๆ
่ก (Ryokล) |
Peter: Trip, travel. |
Naomi: (slow)ใใใใ (Ryokล) (natural speed) ๆ
่ก (Ryokล) |
Peter: Next word. |
Naomi: ใชใใชใ (nakanaka) |
Peter: Quite, very, considerably. |
Naomi: (slow)ใชใใชใ (nakanaka) (natural speed) ใชใใชใ (nakanaka) |
Peter: Next. |
Naomi: ๅนดๅฏใ (toshiyori) |
Peter: The elderly, old people. |
Naomi: (slow)ใจใใใ (Toshiyori) (natural speed) ๅนดๅฏใ (toshiyori) |
Peter: Next. |
Naomi: ๅคใ (ลi) |
Peter: Many, a lot. |
Naomi: (slow)ใใใ (ลi) (natural speed) ๅคใ (ลi) |
Peter: Next |
Naomi: ้ฃใใฆ่กใ (tsurete iku) |
Peter: To take someone along. |
Naomi: (slow)ใคใใฆใใ (Tsurete iku)ใ(natural speed) ้ฃใใฆ่กใ (tsurete iku) |
VOCAB AND PHRASE USAGE |
Peter: Letโs have a closer look at the usage for some of the words and phrases from this lesson. Naomi Sensei, whatโs the first word we will look at? |
Naomi: ใชใใชใ (Nakanaka) |
Peter: ใชใใชใใ (Nakanaka) This is an adverb meaning quite considerably or more than expected. I think we can get a really good feel for how to use this word by looking at some sample sentences. Naomi sensei |
Naomi: ใใฎๆฌใฏใชใใชใ้ข็ฝใใใ (Kono Moto wa nakanaka omoshiroi yo.) |
Peter: This book is quite interesting. |
Naomi: ใใไฝฟใใพใใญใ (Yoku tsukaimasu ne.) |
Peter: ใใใงใใญใ (Sลdesu ne.) |
Naomi: We use ใชใใชใ (Nakanaka) very often ใชใใชใใใชใใชใไฝฟใใพใใ (Nakanaka o nakanaka tsukaimasu.) ใชใใชใ้ข็ฝใใงใใ๏ผ (Nakanaka omoshiroidesho?) |
Peter: Yeah itโs pretty interesting. Naomi Sensei, can we have that sample sentence one more time. |
Naomi: ใชใใชใใใชใใชใไฝฟใใพใใ (Nakanaka o nakanaka tsukaimasu.) |
Peter: We often use often. |
Naomi: ใใใงใใญใ (Sลdesu ne.) We often use ใชใใชใ (Nakanaka) more than you expected. |
Peter: ่จใ่จ่ใฏใชใใงใใญใ (Iu kotoba wanaidesu ne.) I have nothing to say to that but itโs a very nice play on the word Naomi Sensei. So just looking at the previous two sentences that Naomi sensei gave, I just want to point out that as itโs an adverb, it usually precedes an adjective or verb. So we had ใชใใชใ้ข็ฝใ (Nakanaka omoshiroi) very interesting and ใชใใชใไฝฟใใพใ (Nakanaka tsukaimasu) often used. So the placing of adverbs usually precedes the adjective or verb. Next word. |
Naomi: ้ฃใใฆ่กใ (Tsureteiku) |
Peter: To take someone or an animal along. Now this word is made up of two words ้ฃใใ (Tsureru) to lead, to take and ่กใ (Iku) to go. So to lead and to go, to take along. |
Naomi: ใใใงใใญใไพใใฐใ (Sลdesu ne. Tatoeba,) For example ใใผใฟใผใฏ็ฌใๅญฆๆ กใซ้ฃใใฆ่กใใพใใใ (Pฤซtฤ wa inu o gakkล ni tsurete ikimashita.) |
Peter: Peter took his dog to school. |
Naomi: ๅ
็ใฏใใผใฟใผใๆ ก้ทๅฎคใซ้ฃใใฆ่กใใพใใใ (Sensei wa pฤซtฤ o kลchล-shitsu ni tsurete ikimashita.) |
Peter: The teacher took Peter to the principalโs office. Now please notice that the direction marker is marked by ใซ (Ni) or ใธ (E) and the object that subject takes is marked by ใ (O). Letโs just take a little closer look at this. Can we have the sample sentence one more time? |
Naomi: ใใผใฟใผใฏ็ฌใๅญฆๆ กใซ้ฃใใฆ่กใใ (Pฤซtฤ wa inu o gakkล ni tsureteiku.) |
Peter: So Peter is the subject. So itโs marked by |
Naomi: ใฏ (Wa) |
Peter: The object, the thing being taken along is |
Naomi: ็ฌ (Inu) |
Peter: So itโs marked by |
Naomi: ใ (O) |
Peter: We are going to school. So the direction is marked by |
Naomi: ใซ (Ni) So ๅญฆๆ กใซ (Gakkล ni) and ้ฃใใฆ่กใ (Tsureteiku) |
Peter: On to the grammar point. |
Lesson focus
|
Peter: Now in this lesson, we are going to learn more about formal and informal speech by reviewing the past form of adjectives. There is a detailed write up in the lesson. So please check out the PDF. Now here letโs review the conjugation of na adjectives. How do you say all right? |
Naomi: ๅคงไธๅคซ (Daijลbu) So ๅคงไธๅคซใงใ (Daijลbudesu) is formal. ๅคงไธๅคซใ (Daijลbuda) is informal. |
Peter: Letโs quickly review the conjugation of na adjectives for informal speech. Itโs all right. |
Naomi: ๅคงไธๅคซใ (Daijลbuda) |
Peter: Not all right. |
Naomi: ๅคงไธๅคซใใใชใ (Daijลbu janai) |
Peter: Was all right. |
Naomi: ๅคงไธๅคซใ ใฃใ (Daijลbudatta) |
Peter: Wasnโt all right. |
Naomi: ๅคงไธๅคซใใใชใใฃใ (Daijลbu janakatta) |
Peter: Letโs practice once again with a different adjective. How do you say well, fine as in I am fine? |
Naomi: ๅ
ๆฐใ (Genkida) |
Peter: Not fine. |
Naomi: ๅ
ๆฐใใใชใ (Genki janai) |
Peter: Was fine. |
Naomi: ๅ
ๆฐใ ใฃใ (Genkidatta) |
Peter: Wasnโt fine. |
Naomi: ๅ
ๆฐใใใชใใฃใ (Genki janakatta) |
Peter: For formal Japanese, you use ใงใ (Desu). |
Naomi: Right ๅคงไธๅคซใงใใๅคงไธๅคซใใใชใใงใใๅคงไธๅคซใงใใใๅคงไธๅคซใใใชใใฃใใงใใ (Daijลbudesu. Daijลbu janaidesu. Daijลbudeshita. Daijลbu janakattadesu.) |
Outro
|
Peter: Naomi Sensei, ๅ
ๆฐใงใใใ (Genkidesu ka.) Naomi, how are you? Are you well? |
Naomi: ๅ
ๆฐใงใใใงใใๆใๅ
ๆฐใใใชใใฃใใงใใ (Genkidesu. Demo, asa, genki janakattadesu.) |
Peter: Naomi Sensei said I am fine but I wasnโt fine this morning. Why is that ใใใฉใใใฆใงใใ, (E, dลshitedesu ka,) why? |
Naomi: ใ่
นใบใใบใใงใใใ (Onaka pekopekodeshita.) |
Peter: You were starving. |
Naomi: ใใใงใใญใใบใใบใ (Sลdesu ne. Pekopeko) is Onomatopoeia for starving. It conjugate as na adjective. ใงใฏใ็ใใใใใฎใฌใในใณใฏ็ฐกๅใงใใใ๏ผ้ฃใใใฃใใงใใ๏ผ (Dewa, minasan, kono ressun wa kantandeshita ka? Muzukashikattadesu ka?) |
Peter: So everyone was this lesson easy or difficult. Please leave us feedback. |
Naomi: ใ้กใใใพใใใใใใPDFใ่ชญใใงใใ ใใใใใใใใใใพใใ (Onegaishimasu. Sorekara PDF mo yonde kudasai. Sore jฤ, mata.) |
Comments
HideKonnichi wa Mina-san, Have you ever taken your grandparents to a night club? How about your parents? Tell us about it!
ใใใซใกใฏใSeรกnใใ๏ผ
I'm really sorry to hear that you didn't enjoy the voice of the girl doing the English translation. We strive to make our lessons as enjoyable and effective as possible, so your feedback is very important to us.
Just a small correction on your Japanese sentence. You wrote "Hashtag ใชใใชใ cringe ใ ใฃใ." In Japanese, we don't typically use "ใชใใชใ" (nakana ka) with negative expressions. "ใชใใชใ" is used to express something is more than expected, usually in a positive context. In this case, you might want to say "ใจใฆใ" (totemo), which means "very" or "quite." Also, "cringe" is an English slang term and might not be understood by all Japanese speakers. You could use "ๆฐๆใกๆชใ" (kimochi warui) which means "uncomfortable" or "cringey." So the corrected sentence would be "Hashtag ใจใฆใๆฐๆใกๆชใใฃใ" (Hashtag totemo kimochi warukatta).
Thank you for your valuable feedback. We'll do our best to improve our service based on your comments. Keep going with your Japanese studies, you're doing great!
ใใใใจใใใใใพใ๏ผ
Team JapanesePod101.com
Ugh. The voice on the girl doing the English translation. Hashtag ใชใใชใ cringe ใ ใฃใ. ๐
ใใใฏ็ด ๆดใใใใงใใใใณใใ๏ผ (Sore wa subarashii desu, Neko-san! "That's wonderful, Neko!")
ใใ ใใใชใใฎๆใฏๅฐใไธ่ช็ถใงใใๆญฃใใๅฝขใฏใใใฎใฌใในใณใฏ็ฐกๅใ ใฃใใจๆใใพใใใงใใ (Tada, anata no bun wa sukoshi fushizen desu. Tadashii katachi wa 'Kono ressun wa kantan datta to omoimasu' desu. "However, your sentence is a bit unnatural. The correct form is 'I think this lesson was easy.'")
ใใ ใฃใใใฏ้ๅปๅฝขใงใใฎใงใใ็ฐกๅใงใใใใใ่ช็ถใซ่ใใใพใใ (Datta wa kako-kei desu node, 'kantan deshita' yori shizen ni kikoemasu. "'Datta' is past tense, so it sounds more natural than 'was easy.'")
็ถใใฆใใ ใใ๏ผ (Tsuzukete kudasai! "Keep going!")
ใใใใจใใใใใพใ๏ผ
Ryoma
Team JapanesePod101.com
ใใฎใฌใในใณใฏ็ฐกๅใงใใใจๆใใพใใ
Hi Jia Jia,
Thank you for posting.
It takes time to remember the adjective conjugation, but if you practice with patience, you'll get them in no time๐
Let us know if you have any questions.
Cheers,
Ryoma
Team JapanesePod101.com
This lesson was slightly difficult
Hi Mariana,
Thank you for your message.
Yes, ใฏใชใใใใฃใ means "I want to talk." "I talked" is ใฏใชใใ๐
Have a great day!
Cheers,
Ryoma
Team JapanesePod101.com
I have a question with one of the sentences. Hanashitai would mean that I want to talk and the past informal for of that is hanshitakatta? I am confuse because hanashitakatta also means I talked?
ใใฎใฌใในใณใฏใๆญฃ็ด้ฃใใใฃใใงใใ
ใใฎใฌใในใณใฏใ็ฐกๅใใใชใใฆ้ข็ฝใใฃใใงใใ
AshutoshใAkkoleใใ
ใณใกใณใใใใใจใใใใใพใ๐
่ฏใใงใใญ๐
Please let us know if you have any questions :)
Sincerely
ใใใใพ๏ผRyoma๏ผ
Team JapanesePod101.com
ๅใซใๆใใใใใๆฅฝๅใงใใ
Liviaใใ
ใณใกใณใใใใใจใใใใใพใ๐
ใใใงใใญ๐
Please let us know if you have any questions :)
Sincerely
ใใใใพ๏ผRyoma๏ผ
Team JapanesePod101.com
ใใฎใฌใในใณใฏใใใใใงใใใ
Gaynorใใ
ใณใกใณใใใใใจใใใใใพใ๐
ใใใงใใญ๏ผใใฎ่ชฟๅญใงใใใฐใฃใฆใใ ใใ๐
Please let us know if you have any questions :)
Sincerely
Ryoma
Team JapanesePod101.com
ใใฎใฌใในใณใฏใใใใใงใใใ
Hi Ken,
Thank you for your comment!
Yes, ้ฃใใฆ่กใ plus ใใ ใใ becomes ้ฃใใฆ่กใฃใฆใใ ใใ,
just like ่กใ changes to ่กใฃใฆใใ ใใ.
Hope you enjoy learning Japanese with us๐
Sincerely,
Miho
Team JapanesePod101.com
้ฃใใฆ่กใ [ใคใใฆใใ]
to take someone; V1
1 EXAMPLE โด
็งใ็ ้ขใซ้ฃใใฆ่กใฃใฆใใ ใใใ
Please take me to the hospital.
my question is pertaining to the style in that sentence combing the 'ku' from tsurete iku in with "kudasai"? Is that right grammatically?
Dwayneใใ
Thank you so much for your comment๐
For adjectives' negative forms, you can watch this video๐
https://www.japanesepod101.com/lesson/learn-japanese-grammar-video-absolute-beginner-11-negative-forms-of-adjectives-in-japanese/?lp=169
Please let us know if you have any questions :)
Sincerely
Ryoma
Team JapanesePod101.com
How do you know when to use "ja nai" or "ku nai" when creating the past negative of adjectives?
Thanks!