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| INTRODUCTION |
| Natsuko: おはよう、ベオグラード。ナツコです。(Ohayō, Beogurādo. Natsuko desu.) |
| Yoshi: おはよう、ベオグラード。ヨシです。(Ohayō, Beogurādo. Yoshi desu.) |
| Peter: Peter here. Beginner lesson #94. All right, without further adieu, let’s get into today’s lesson. Here we go. |
| DIALOGUE |
| たけ (Take) : 皆さん、今日は一緒に紙飛行機作りをやりましょう。(Mina-san, kyō wa issho ni kamihikōki zukuri o yarimashō.) |
| よし (Yoshi) : やー！(Yā!) |
| たけ (Take) : 最初に紙を取ってください。まずは紙を半分に折ってください。そして、その紙をさらに半分に折ってください。それから、この部分を三角形に折ってから、その後ここを折って、はい、完成です！(Saisho ni kami o totte kudasai. Mazu wa kami o hanbun ni otte kudasai. Soshite, sono kami o sara ni hanbun ni otte kudasai. Sorekara, kono bubun o sankakukei ni otte kara, sono ato koko o otte, hai, kansei desu!) |
| よし (Yoshi) : できた！ (Dekita!) |
| Take: もう一度、お願いします。ゆっくり、お願いします。(Mō ichi-do, onegai shimasu. Yukkuri, onegai shimasu.) |
| たけ (Take) : 皆さん、今日は一緒に紙飛行機作りをやりましょう。(Mina-san, kyō wa issho ni kamihikōki zukuri o yarimashō.) |
| よし (Yoshi) : やー！(Yā!) |
| たけ (Take) : 最初に紙を取ってください。まずは紙を半分に折ってください。そして、その紙をさらに半分に折ってください。それから、この部分を三角形に折ってから、その後ここを折って、はい、完成です！(Saisho ni kami o totte kudasai. Mazu wa kami o hanbun ni otte kudasai. Soshite, sono kami o sara ni hanbun ni otte kudasai. Sorekara, kono bubun o sankakukei ni otte kara, sono ato koko o otte, hai, kansei desu!) |
| よし (Yoshi) : できた！ (Dekita!) |
| Take: 次は、ピーターさんの英語が入ります。(Tsugi wa, Pītā-san no Eigo ga hairimasu.) |
| たけ (Take) : 皆さん、今日は一緒に紙飛行機作りをやりましょう。(Mina-san, kyō wa issho ni kamihikōki zukuri o yarimashō.) |
| TAKE: Everybody, today, let's make paper airplanes together. |
| よし (Yoshi) : やー！(Yā!) |
| YOSHI: Yay! |
| たけ (Take) : 最初に紙を取ってください。(Saisho ni kami o totte kudasai.) |
| TAKE: First, please take the paper. |
| たけ (Take) : まずは紙を半分に折ってください。(Mazu wa kami o hanbun ni otte kudasai.) |
| TAKE: First, please fold the paper in half. |
| たけ (Take) : そして、その紙をさらに半分に折ってください。(Soshite, sono kami o sara ni hanbun ni otte kudasai.) |
| TAKE: Then, please fold it in half again. |
| たけ (Take) : それから、この部分を三角形に折ってから、(Sorekara, kono bubun o sankakukei ni otte kara,) |
| TAKE: From there, after you fold this part into a triangle shape, |
| たけ (Take) : その後ここを折って、はい、完成です！(sono ato koko o otte, hai, kansei desu!) |
| TAKE: After that, fold here. It's finished. |
| よし (Yoshi) : 出来た！(Dekita!) |
| YOSHI: I did it! I could do it! |
| POST CONVERSATION BANTER |
| Peter: Lots of instructions. Yoshi-san, let’s ask Take-san what he thought of this. |
| Yoshi: タケさん、この会話はどうですか。(Take-san, kono kaiwa wa dō desu ka.) |
| Take: 紙飛行機はもう随分作ってないですよね、そういえば。今、作れる、ヨシ？(Kamihikōki wa mō zuibun tsukutte nai desu yo ne, sō ieba. Ima, tsukureru, Yoshi?) |
| Yoshi: 多分、作れます。(Tabun, tsukuremasu.) |
| Take: 作れるか。飛ぶかどうかわかんないよね。(Tsukureru ka. Tobu ka dō ka wakannai yo ne.) |
| Yoshi: はい。(Hai.) |
| Peter: 懐かしいですか。(Natsukashii desu ka.) |
| Take: 子供の頃は結構やりましたからね。今、飛ばしてもなんか車に引かれちゃいそうで。(Kodomo no koro wa kekkō yarimashita kara ne. Ima, tobashite mo nanka kuruma ni hikarechaisō de.) |
| Peter: Very nostalgic, yes. So did you like the conversation? |
| Take: うん、あの、子供に教えてるみたいで、すごく、なんか、可愛くてよかったです。(Un, ano, kodomo ni oshiete ru mitai de, sugoku, nanka, kawaikute yokatta desu.) |
| Peter: Is he a good child? |
| Yoshi: Yes. |
| VOCAB AND PHRASE USAGE |
| Peter: Okay, on to the vocabulary. Here we go. Takase-san. Welcome to the show. |
| Takase: I am feeling sick now. |
| Peter: Okay, first word. That will make you feel better. First word. |
| Takase: 紙飛行機 (kamihikōki) |
| Peter: Paper airplane. Break it down. |
| Takase: (slow)かみひこうき (kamihikōki) (natural speed) 紙飛行機 (kamihikōki) |
| Peter: Let’s ask Yoshi-san for an example sentence. |
| Takase: ヨシさん、例文をお願いします。(Yoshi-san, reibun o onegai shimasu.) |
| Yoshi: 紙飛行機を折る。(Kamihikōki o oru.) |
| Peter: To fold a paper airplane, to make a paper airplane. Yoshi-san, let’s have Takase-san give us an example sentence. |
| Yoshi: タカセさん、例文をお願いします。(Takase-san, reibun o onegai shimasu.) |
| Takase: 紙飛行機を飛ばす。(Kamihikōki o tobasu.) |
| Peter: To make a paper airplane fly. Now do we have any other things we make out of paper, Takase-san? |
| Takase: 紙風船 (kimifūsen) |
| Peter: Paper balloon? |
| Takase: Umm. |
| Peter: Using Origami you can actually make a paper balloon, but I think in most cases, you buy it, right? |
| Takase: Yes. |
| Peter: And then you blow air into it and it’s really – it’s pretty cool. What do we have next, Yoshi-san? |
| Yoshi: 紙コップ (kamikoppu) |
| Peter: Paper cup. Anything else, Takase-san? |
| Takase: 紙皿 (kamizara) |
| Peter: Paper plate. All right, next word. |
| Yoshi: 次のキーワードは、三角 (Tsugi no kīwādo wa, sankaku) |
| Peter: Triangle. |
| Yoshi: (slow)さんかく (sankaku) (natural speed) 三角 (sankaku) |
| Peter: Let’s have Takase-san give us an example. |
| Yoshi: タカセさん、例をお願いします。(Takase-san, rei o onegai shimasu.) |
| Takase: 三角関係 (sankaku kankei) |
| Peter: A three-person relationship, Takase-san, what do you have on your mind? |
| Takase: I am not in 三角関係 (sankaku kankei). How about you, Yoshi? |
| Peter: I think we should give the next example before we give this. How about Yoshi-san, please answer the question. |
| Yoshi: No. |
| Peter: We are going to stay on these shapes for a minute. Next we have |
| Yoshi: 四角 (shikaku) |
| Peter: Square. |
| Yoshi: (slow)しかく (shikaku) (natural speed) 四角 (shikaku) |
| Peter: Takase-san. Let’s ask Yoshi-san for an example. |
| Takase: ヨシさん、例文をお願いします。(Yoshi-san, reibun o onegai shimasu.) |
| Yoshi: 四角形 (shikakukei) |
| Peter: Square shape. How about a triangular shape? |
| Yoshi: 三角形 (sankakukei) |
| Peter: All right. What do we have next? |
| Takase: 半分 (hanbun) |
| Peter: Half. |
| Takase: (slow)はんぶん (hanbun) (natural speed) 半分 (hanbun) |
| Peter: Now we had this one before but today what we want to do is show you how to make some verbs out of this. タカセさん、お願いします。(Takase-san, onegai shimasu.) |
| Takase: 半分にする (hanbun ni suru) |
| Peter: To make it into half. Also we have |
| Yoshi: 半分に切る (hanbun ni kiru) |
| Peter: Cut in half. Next we have |
| Takase: 半分に減る (hanbun ni heru) |
| Peter: Decrease by half. So today we want to show how we can make this into a verb and how it’s used with other verbs. All right, next vocabulary word. |
| Takase: 折る (oru) |
| Peter: To fold and to break. In the dialogue, we had |
| Takase: 紙を折る (kami o oru) |
| Peter: To fold paper but you can think of it as breaking the paper if it helps you remember the other meaning it has, which is, Yoshi-san |
| Yoshi: 骨を折る (hone o oru) |
| Peter: To break a bone, to fold with paper, to break with bones. Next |
| Yoshi: 次のキーワードは、完成 (Tsugi no kīwādo wa, kansei) |
| Peter: Finish. |
| Yoshi: (slow)かんせい (kansei) (natural speed) 完成 (kansei) |
| タカセさん、例文をお願いします。(Takase-san, reibun o onegai shimasu.) |
| Takase: やっと論文が完成しました。(Yatto ronbun ga kansei shimashita.) |
| Peter: I finally finished my thesis. |
Lesson focus |
|---|
| Yoshi: 今日のグラマーポイントは、そして (Kyō no guramā pointo wa, soshite) |
| Peter: And, then |
| Yoshi: それから (sorekara) |
| Peter: After that, and then |
| Yoshi: その後 (sono ato) |
| Peter: After that |
| Yoshi: さらに (sara ni) |
| Peter: In addition, furthermore. Today’s grammar point introduces conjunctions and phrases to improve your fluency when speaking. Now what we are going to do is take a look at each one individually. Can you give us the first one, one more time? |
| Yoshi: そして (soshite) |
| Peter: And, and then. Now this is a conjunction used after a sentence to lead into another one. Yoshi-san, what did we have in the dialogue? |
| Yoshi: まずは、紙を半分に折ってください。(Mazu wa, kami o hanbun ni otte kudasai.) |
| Peter: First, please fold the paper in half. |
| Yoshi: そして (soshite) |
| Peter: And then. |
| Yoshi: その紙を、さらに半分に折ってください。(Sono kami o, sara ni hanbun ni otte kudasai.) |
| Peter: Please fold it in half again. Without this conjunction, we sound a bit stiff. This helps it flow, helps it lead into the second sentence and makes what the speaker is saying sell much more fluid. Okay, next we have |
| Yoshi: それから (sorekara) |
| Peter: After that, and then. This is also a conjunction. In the dialogue, what did we have? |
| Yoshi: それから、この部分を三角形に折ってから (Sorekara, kono bubun o sankakukei ni otte kara) |
| Peter: From there, after you fold this part into a triangle shape, then fold here. Now what’s interesting about this conjunction is, it can also be used by the listener. If Yoshi is in the middle of a great story and I want to get more, I can say, Takase-san? |
| Takase: それから？ (Sorekara?) |
| Peter: All right. Let’s give a little example here. Let’s ask Takase-san what she did last weekend. Yoshi-san? |
| Yoshi: タカセさん、先週末、何をしましたか。(Takase-san, senshūmatsu, nani o shimashita ka.) |
| Takase: 先週末はデートしました。(Senshūmatsu wa dēto shimashita.) |
| Peter: You went on a date? |
| Takase: はい。(Hai.) |
| Yoshi: 何をしましたか。(Nani o shimashita ka.) |
| Takase: 映画に行って、(Eiga ni itte,) |
| Yoshi: それから？(Sorekara?) |
| Takase: その後は秘密です。(Sono ato wa himitsu desu.) |
| Yoshi: Ahh… |
| Peter: Yoshi is breaking the studio. All right, all right, let’s run that back one more time. |
| Yoshi: タカセさん、先週末は何をしましたか。(Takase-san, senshūmatsu wa nani o shimashita ka.) |
| Peter: Ms. Takase, what did you do last weekend? |
| Takase: 先週末はデートしました。(Senshūmatsu wa dēto shimashita.) |
| Peter: Last weekend, I went on a date. |
| Yoshi: 何をしましたか。(Nani o shimashita ka.) |
| Peter: What did you do? |
| Takase: 映画に行って、(Eiga ni itte,) |
| Peter: We went to a movie and |
| Yoshi: それから？(Sorekara?) |
| Peter: After that? |
| Takase: その後は秘密です。(Sono ato wa himitsu desu.) |
| Peter: After that is a secret. Okay, now let’s move into the secret portion of our podcast. Takase-san, please tell us about the secret. |
| Takase: No. |
| Peter: Okay. Okay, so you can see how it’s used here also to get more information out of the speaker. Very useful phrase. Next we had |
| Yoshi: その後 (sono ato) |
| Peter: After that. Now this phrase is also used to explain order. Next we have |
| Yoshi: さらに (sara ni) |
| Peter: In addition, furthermore. Now let’s move on to the last point. Something we are going to introduce now and the main focus of our grammar point. This is |
| Yoshi: Te-form から (kara) |
| Peter: Just attach |
| Yoshi: から (kara) |
| Peter: To the te-form and you have it. Yosh- san, how did this appear in the dialogue? |
| Yoshi: 三角形に折ってから (sankakukei ni otte kara) |
| Peter: You can see to the te-form, we attach から (kara) and this makes it from the action, after the action. From folding the paper into a triangle, after folding the paper into a triangle. Again this is used with order of action. The construction is quite easy. Now the tense of the final verb of the sentence determines the tense of the whole sentence. Please listen to the following examples. This should clear it up. |
| Yoshi: 私たちは、食べてから映画を見ます。(Watashi-tachi wa, tabete kara eiga o mimasu.) |
| Peter: We will watch a movie after we eat. The final verb was |
| Yoshi: 見ます (mimasu) |
| Peter: And the tense was nonpast. So the whole sentence is nonpast. We will watch a movie after we eat. Please listen to the next sentence. |
| Takase: 私たちは、食べてから映画を見ました。(Watashi-tachi wa, tabete kara eiga o mimashita.) |
| Peter: We watched a movie after we ate. Takase-san, what’s the tense of the verb in this sentence? |
| Takase: Past tense. |
| Peter: And give us the verb, one more time? |
| Takase: 見ました (mimashita) |
| Peter: And what was the verb attached to the から (kara) |
| Takase: 食べてから (tabete kara) |
| Peter: As the action happened in the past, this is also the past tense. So by these two examples, you can see the final verb, the tense of the final verb determines the tense of the sentence. Now one final example, Yoshi-san, give us one more. |
| Yoshi: 私たちは、食べてから映画を見ましょう。(Watashi-tachi wa, tabete kara eiga o mimashō.) |
| Peter: The volitional form here, let’s watch a movie after we eat. |
Outro |
| Peter: So that’s going to do for today. |
| Takase: また明日。(Mata ashita.) |
| Yoshi: またね。(Mata ne.) |
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