Learn about variation of 申し訳ない。- Mōshiwake nai
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| INTRODUCTION |
| Natsuko: おはよう、ミュンヘン。ナツコです。(Ohayō, Myunhen. Natsuko desu.) |
| Yoshi: おはよう、ミュンヘン。ヨシです。(Ohayō, Myunhen. Yoshi desu.) |
| Peter: Peter here. Beginner lesson #83. All right, we are back again today with the te-form. Now what's a little different today is we have... Natsuko-san, please explain this conversation. What kind of conversation do we have coming up? |
| Natsuko: Well, this conversation is pretty wild. Isn’t it? |
| Peter: Oh yeah. This lesson will incorporate a lot of stuff you’ve been learning with us, a lot of new stuff, a lot of – I don’t know, it has it all. It’s going to be a wild lesson. It’s almost... I’d say it’s pretty close to an intermediate lesson. |
| Natsuko: Yes, it might be. |
| Peter: Oh yeah. So what we are going to do now is get right in because it’s going to take a while to explain everything. So what we are going to do now is get right in. Here we go, enjoy. |
| DIALOGUE |
| アナウンス (Anaunsu) : まもなく10時になります。(Mamonaku jū-ji ni narimasu.) |
| 田中 (Tanaka) : 社長、会議中申し訳ありませんが、ちょっとお手洗いに行ってきます。(Shachō, kaigichū mōshiwake arimasen ga, chotto o-tearai ni itte kimasu.) |
| 社長 (Shachō) : 田中君、また君か。トイレ近いな。仕方ない。(Tanaka-kun, mata kimi ka. Toire chikai na. Shikatanai.) |
| 田中 (Tanaka) : 失礼します。(Shitsurei shimasu.) |
| よし (Yoshi) : はい、よし証券です。(Hai, Yoshi Shōken desu.) |
| 田中 (Tanaka) : 100枚フロリダ蜜株を買ってください。買って、買って。(Hyaku-mai Furorida mikan o katte kudasai. Katte, katte.) |
| よし (Yoshi) : あ、田中さん。はい、買いました。あ、10ポイント上がりました。(A, Tanaka-san. Hai, kaimashita. A, juppointo agarimashita.) |
| 田中 (Tanaka) : じゃ、売って、売って、売ってください。(Ja, utte, utte, utte kudasai.) |
| よし (Yoshi) : 売りました。あ、20ポイント下がりました。(Urimashita. A, ni-juppointo sagarimashita.) |
| 田中 (Tanaka) : 1000枚買って、買って。早く買ってください。(Sen-mai katte, katte. Hayaku katte kudasai.) |
| よし (Yoshi) : 買いました。あ！50ポイント上がりました。(Kaimashita. A! Go-juppointo agarimashita.) |
| 田中 (Tanaka) : じゃ、売って、売って、売ってください！(Ja, utte, utte, utte kudasai!) |
| よし (Yoshi) : さすが田中さん。今日も100万円儲かりました。(Sasuga Tanaka-san. Kyō mo hyaku-man-en mōkarimashita.) |
| 田中 (Tanaka) : また電話します。よろしくお願いします。(Mata denwa shimasu. Yoroshiku onegai shimasu.) |
| よし (Yoshi) : はい、失礼します。(Hai, shitsurei shimasu.) |
| 田中 (Tanaka) : 失礼します。(Shitsurei shimasu.) |
| 社長 (Shachō) : 田中君、遅いよ。罰金1000円ね。次は2000円だからね。(Tanaka-kun, osoi yo. Bakkin sen-en ne. Tsugi wa ni-sen-en da kara ne.) |
| 田中 (Tanaka) : すみませんでした、社長。1000円ですか。痛いですね。(Sumimasen deshita, shachō. Sen-en desu ka. Itai desu ne.) |
| Yoshi: もう一度、お願いします。ゆっくり、お願いします。(Mō ichi-do onegai shimasu. Yukkuri onegai shimasu.) |
| アナウンス (Anaunsu) : まもなく10時になります。(Mamonaku jū-ji ni narimasu.) |
| 田中 (Tanaka) : 社長、会議中申し訳ありませんが、ちょっとお手洗いに行ってきます。(Shachō, kaigichū mōshiwake arimasen ga, chotto o-tearai ni itte kimasu.) |
| 社長 (Shachō) : 田中君、また君か。トイレ近いな。仕方ない。(Tanaka-kun, mata kimi ka. Toire chikai na. Shikatanai.) |
| 田中 (Tanaka) : 失礼します。(Shitsurei shimasu.) |
| よし (Yoshi) : はい、よし証券です。(Hai, Yoshi Shōken desu.) |
| 田中 (Tanaka) : 100枚フロリダ蜜株を買ってください。買って、買って。(Hyaku-mai Furorida mikan o katte kudasai. Katte, katte.) |
| よし (Yoshi) : あ、田中さん。はい、買いました。あ、10ポイント上がりました。(A, Tanaka-san. Hai, kaimashita. A, juppointo agarimashita.) |
| 田中 (Tanaka) : じゃ、売って、売って、売ってください。(Ja, utte, utte, utte kudasai.) |
| よし (Yoshi) : 売りました。あ、20ポイント下がりました。(Urimashita. A, ni-juppointo sagarimashita.) |
| 田中 (Tanaka) : 1000枚買って、買って。早く買ってください。(Sen-mai katte, katte. Hayaku katte kudasai.) |
| よし (Yoshi) : 買いました。あ！50ポイント上がりました。(Kaimashita. A! Go-juppointo agarimashita.) |
| 田中 (Tanaka) : じゃ、売って、売って、売ってください！(Ja, utte, utte, utte kudasai!) |
| よし (Yoshi) : さすが田中さん。今日も100万円儲かりました。(Sasuga Tanaka-san. Kyō mo hyaku-man-en mōkarimashita.) |
| 田中 (Tanaka) : また電話します。よろしくお願いします。(Mata denwa shimasu. Yoroshiku onegai shimasu.) |
| よし (Yoshi) : はい、失礼します。(Hai, shitsurei shimasu.) |
| 田中 (Tanaka) : 失礼します。(Shitsurei shimasu.) |
| 社長 (Shachō) : 田中君、遅いよ。罰金1000円ね。次は2000円だからね。(Tanaka-kun, osoi yo. Bakkin sen-en ne. Tsugi wa ni-sen-en da kara ne.) |
| 田中 (Tanaka) : すみませんでした、社長。1000円ですか。痛いですね。(Sumimasen deshita, shachō. Sen-en desu ka. Itai desu ne.) |
| Natsuko: 次は、ピーターさんの英語が入ります。(Tsugi wa, Pītā-san no Eigo ga hairimasu.) |
| アナウンス (Anaunsu) : まもなく10時になります。(Mamonaku jū-ji ni narimasu.) |
| ANNOUNCER: It's now 10 o'clock. |
| 田中 (Tanaka) : 社長、(Shachō,) |
| TANAKA: Boss, |
| 田中 (Tanaka) : 会議中申し訳ありませんが、(kaigichū mōshiwake arimasen ga,) |
| TANAKA: I'm so sorry it's the middle of the meeting, but |
| 田中 (Tanaka) : ちょっとお手洗いに行ってきます。(chotto o-tearai ni itte kimasu.) |
| TANAKA: I have to go to the bathroom. |
| 社長 (Shachō) : 田中君、また君か。(Tanaka-kun, mata kimi ka.) |
| BOSS: Mr. Tanaka, you again? |
| 社長 (Shachō) : トイレ近いな。(Toire chikai na.) |
| BOSS: You're always going to the bathroom. |
| 社長 (Shachō) : 仕方ない。(Shikatanai.) |
| BOSS: It can't be helped. |
| 田中 (Tanaka) : 失礼します。(Shitsurei shimasu.) |
| TANAKA: Excuse me. |
| よし (Yoshi) : はい、よし証券です。(Hai, Yoshi Shōken desu.) |
| YOSHI: Hello, Yoshi Stocktraders. |
| 田中 (Tanaka) : 100枚フロリダ蜜株を買ってください。(Hyaku-mai Furorida mikan o katte kudasai.) |
| TANAKA: Please buy 100 shares of Florida Mikan. |
| 田中 (Tanaka) : 買って、(Katte,) |
| TANAKA: Buy, |
| 田中 (Tanaka) : 買って。(katte.) |
| TANAKA: buy! |
| よし (Yoshi) : あ、田中さん。(A, Tanaka-san.) |
| YOSHI: Ah, Mr. Tanaka. |
| よし (Yoshi) : はい、買いました。(Hai, kaimashita.) |
| YOSHI: Yes, I bought it. |
| よし (Yoshi) : あ、10ポイント上がりました。(A, Juppointo agarimashita.) |
| YOSHI: Ah, it went up 10 points. |
| 田中 (Tanaka) : じゃ、売って、(Ja, utte,) |
| TANAKA: Okay, sell, |
| 田中 (Tanaka) : 売って、(utte,) |
| TANAKA: sell, |
| 田中 (Tanaka) : 売ってください。(utte kudasai.) |
| TANAKA: please sell! |
| よし (Yoshi) : 売りました。(Urimashita.) |
| YOSHI: I sold it. |
| よし (Yoshi) : あ、20ポイント下がりました。(A, ni-juppointo sagarimashita.) |
| YOSHI: Ah, it went down 20 points. |
| 田中 (Tanaka) : 1000枚買って、(Sen-mai katte,) |
| TANAKA: Buy a thousand. |
| 田中 (Tanaka) : 買って。(katte.) |
| TANAKA: Buy, |
| 田中 (Tanaka) : 早く買ってください。(Hayaku katte kudasai.) |
| TANAKA: Hurry up, please buy. |
| よし (Yoshi) : 買いました。(Kaimashita.) |
| YOSHI: I bought it. |
| よし (Yoshi) : あ！50ポイント上がりました。(A! Go-juppointo agarimashita.) |
| YOSHI: Ah, it went up 50 points. |
| 田中 (Tanaka) : じゃ、売って、(Ja, utte,) |
| TANAKA: Okay, sell, |
| 田中 (Tanaka) : 売って、(utte,) |
| TANAKA: sell, |
| 田中 (Tanaka) : 売ってください！(utte kudasai!) |
| TANAKA: please sell! |
| よし (Yoshi) : さすが田中さん。(Sasuga Tanaka-san.) |
| YOSHI: You did it again, Mr. Tanaka. |
| よし (Yoshi) : 今日も100万円儲かりました。(Kyō mo hyaku-man-en mōkarimashita.) |
| YOSHI: You made a million yen again today. |
| 田中 (Tanaka) : また電話します。(Mata denwa shimasu.) |
| TANAKA: I'll call again, |
| 田中 (Tanaka) : よろしくお願いします。(Yoroshiku onegai shimasu.) |
| TANAKA: thanks. |
| よし (Yoshi) : はい、失礼します。(Hai, shitsurei shimasu.) |
| YOSHI: Okay, excuse me. |
| 田中 (Tanaka) : 失礼します。(Shitsurei shimasu.) |
| TANAKA: Excuse me. |
| 社長 (Shachō) : 田中君、遅いよ。(Tanaka-kun, osoi yo.) |
| BOSS: Mr. Tanaka, you're late. |
| 社長 (Shachō) : 罰金1000円ね。(Bakkin sen-en ne.) |
| BOSS: A 1000 yen fine for you. |
| 社長 (Shachō) : 次は2000円だからね。(Tsugi wa ni-sen-en da kara ne.) |
| BOSS: Next time it will be 2000. |
| 田中 (Tanaka) : すみませんでした、社長。(Sumimasen deshita, shachō.) |
| TANAKA: I'm sorry boss. |
| 田中 (Tanaka) : 1000円ですか。(Sen-en desu ka.) |
| TANAKA: A thousand yen. |
| 田中 (Tanaka) : 痛いですね。(Itai desu ne.) |
| TANAKA: Oh, that hurts. |
| POST CONVERSATION BANTER |
| Peter: So Jun, you are a little too good at that. We got to start watching you at work. |
| Jun: あ、どうもありがとうございます。今後も頑張りたいと思います。(A, dōmo arigatō gozaimasu. Kongo mo ganbaritai to omoimasu.) |
| Peter: What do you think, Yoshi? |
| Jun: いや、ヨシさんも本当に素敵でした。(Iya, Yoshi-san mo hontō ni suteki deshita.) |
| Yoshi: はは、なんだそれ。(Ha ha, nanda sore.) |
| Peter: All right. We will get into vocab. Yoshi-san, let’s ask Natsuko what she thought of today’s dialogue. |
| Yoshi: ナツコさん、今日の会話はどうでしたか。(Natsuko-san, kyō no kaiwa wa dō deshita ka.) |
| Natsuko: ちょっとうらやましい話でしたね。(Chotto urayamashii hanashi deshita ne.) |
| Peter: そうですね。(Sō desu ne.) I need some money, too. |
| Natsuko: 儲かってますね。(Mōkatte masu ne.) |
| VOCAB AND PHRASE USAGE |
| Peter: All right. Again as we said, so much in there. Let’s jump right in. ナツコさん、お願いします。(Natsuko-san, onegai shimasu.) First word. |
| Natsuko: 最初のキーワードは、社長 (Saisho no kīwādo wa, shachō) |
| Peter: President. |
| Natsuko: (slow)しゃちょう (shachō) (natural speed) 社長 (shachō) |
| Peter: Now we talk a lot about suffixes. For example, when you meet someone, what kind of suffix would you use? |
| Natsuko: さん (san) |
| Peter: And if it’s in business and you want to elevate someone a little bit higher, |
| Natsuko: 様 (sama) |
| Peter: Yes. Now when you are addressing the president of a company, would you use the suffix さん (san) or 様 (sama)? |
| Natsuko: You may but usually you don’t. |
| Peter: Which suffix will we use? |
| Natsuko: 社長 (shachō) |
| Peter: Yes. Now in today’s conversation, he was just referring to the president as president, but usually the proper protocol would be to have a name followed by 社長 (shachō) as in 川本社長 (Kawamoto-shachō). How does that sound? |
| Natsuko: Rather uncomfortable. |
| Peter: Okay, so for the rest of the day, you will be 川本社長 (Kawamoto-shachō). |
| Natsuko: No way. |
| Peter: お願いします。(Onegai shimasu.) |
| Natsuko: No way. |
| Peter: Okay, and if by the off chance, Yoshi-san were to become 社長 (shachō), how would we call him? |
| Natsuko: 渡辺社長 (Watanabe-shachō) |
| Peter: Yes. Now there are cases in Japan when people just say 社長 (shachō). |
| Natsuko: Yes. |
| Peter: But again this is probably someone inside the company. Off the bat, you wouldn’t call someone just 社長 (shachō). Maybe if the relationship got more intimate, you know, you could get to that level but it’s much better off to put the last name before 社長 (shachō). Next. |
| Yoshi: 次のキーワードは、会議中 (Tsugi no kīwādo wa, kaigichū) |
| Peter: During the meeting. |
| Yoshi: (slow)かいぎちゅう (kaigichū) |
| Peter: What’s the word for meeting? |
| Yoshi: 会議 (kaigi) |
| Peter: What do we attach to a meeting to make it during? |
| Yoshi: 中 (chū) |
| Peter: Yes. Now in last week’s survival phrases, we had during the morning. How do we make that construction? What’s AM in Japanese? |
| Yoshi: 午前 (gozen) |
| Peter: And how will we make it during AM, during the morning? |
| Yoshi: 午前中 (gozenchū) |
| Peter: Yes, you will find this 中 (chū) attached to many different constructions turning it into during. Okay. 例をお願いします。(Rei o onegai shimasu.) |
| Yoshi: 社長は今、会議中です。(Shachō wa ima, kaigichū desu.) |
| Peter: Right now, the president is in the middle of a meeting. Next word. |
| Natsuko: 次のキーワードは、申し訳ありません (Tsugi no kīwādo wa, mōshiwake arimasen) |
| Peter: Hello big boys, this is some really nice Japanese. Okay, what this means is a formal way to say sorry. Up until now, we’ve been using |
| Yoshi: すみません (sumimasen) |
| Peter: One more time, Natsuko-san. |
| Natsuko: 申し訳ありません (mōshiwake arimasen) |
| Peter: Now there is quite a difference between these two expressions. Wouldn’t you say? |
| Natsuko: Yes, it is. |
| Peter: If you start using this expression and again in the proper context, you really start turning some heads. Again this is a very formal way. In the dialogue, most likely it’s an important meeting and he is bothering the boss for a very trivial reason. So it’s actually used in this case as “excuse me.” And what we want to point out here is it has the same usage as すいません (suimasen).すいません (suimasen) can be used as excuse me as in I’d like your attention or I am sorry. It has the same usage. Now it’s very trivial that he wants to go to the bathroom. So what he is doing and the fact that the boss is much higher in the social ladder than he is, he is using very polite Japanese. So he starts off with |
| Natsuko: 申し訳ありません (mōshiwake arimasen) |
| Peter: Ah I love this phrase so much. It gets you out of so much trouble. I mean すいません (suimasen) like will get you dirty looks like if you do something wrong and then you say すいません (suimasen), people will still kind of have a bitter feeling towards you maybe, but not if you use this. It’s a kind of, all is forgiven like… All right, again a little too exaggerated but what we are going to do now is break this down because this is actually a phrase. So it’s in the vocab but it’s actually a phrase. Now the latter part is |
| Natsuko: ありません (arimasen) |
| Peter: This is the polite negative form of the verb ある (aru). The first part is |
| Natsuko: 申し訳 (mōshiwake) |
| Peter: 申し (mōshi) is derived from |
| Natsuko: 申す (mōsu) |
| Peter: Which is the humble word which means to say. So we turn this into 申し (mōshi) and we add |
| Natsuko: 訳 (wake) |
| Peter: Excuse. |
| Natsuko: Yes. |
| Peter: There isn’t any excuse. |
| Natsuko: Right. |
| Peter: Is the literal translation. There is no excuse, but I want something. I did something. I love it. Again gets you out of many sticky situations. Next we have |
| Yoshi: 次のキーワードは、仕方がない (Tsugi no kīwādo wa, shikata ga nai) |
| Peter: It can’t be helped. Have no choice. This one is quite difficult to explain. So what we are going to do is have Natsuko-san. お願いします。(Onegai shimasu.) |
| Natsuko: 仕方 (shikata) means measures or way or how to handle. |
| Peter: Okay. |
| Natsuko: And がない (ga nai). So it means there is no way. There is no other way. I can’t help it. |
| Peter: Yeah. And you usually use this when the conclusion is that something can’t be changed. |
| Natsuko: Right. |
| Peter: Apparently or seemingly nothing you can do to resolve the situation. |
| Natsuko: Yes. |
| Peter: Now again this is not a vocab word but again a phrase and we have in the beginning. |
| Natsuko: 仕方ない (shikata nai) |
| Peter: The actual phrase is 仕方 (shikata) marked by the particle. |
| Natsuko: が (ga) |
| Peter: And then followed by |
| Natsuko: ない (nai) |
| Peter: The plain negative form of the verb ある (aru). So the polite version would be |
| Natsuko: 仕方がありません (shikata ga arimasen) |
| Peter: Or you can also form it by adding the copula to the phrase itself. |
| Natsuko: 仕方がないです (shikata ga nai desu) |
| Peter: Okay, next. |
| Natsuko: 次のキーワードは、証券 (Tsugi no kīwādo wa, shōken) |
| Peter: Security. |
| Natsuko: (slow)しょうけん (shōken) (natural speed) 証券 (shōken) |
| Peter: Now we found that this word appears so often with |
| Natsuko: 証券会社 (shōkengaisha) |
| Peter: Security Company. What are some big security companies in Japan? |
| Natsuko: 野村證券 (Nomura Shōken) |
| Peter: Yes, Nomura Securities. Also? |
| Natsuko: 大和証券 (Daiwa Shōken) |
| Peter: Yeah, a couple of the real big boys. All right, next we have |
| Yoshi: 次のキーワードは、儲かる (Tsugi no kīwādo wa, mōkaru) |
| Peter: Profitable. To make money. Now we also have another verb that means to make money and that is |
| Yoshi: 儲ける (mōkeru) |
| Peter: Okay, let’s get an example of each one. |
| Natsuko: 儲かる仕事 (mōkaru shigoto) |
| Peter: Profitable work. |
| Yoshi: 株で儲ける (kabu de mōkeru) |
| Peter: Make money on stock. Next. |
| Natsuko: 次のキーワードは、罰金 (Tsugi no kīwādo wa, bakkin) |
| Peter: Fine. |
| Natsuko: (slow)ばっきん (bakkin) (natural speed) 罰金 (bakkin) |
| Peter: 例を、お願いします。(Rei o, onegai shimasu.) |
| Yoshi: 駐車違反で罰金を払った。(Chūsha ihan de bakkin o haratta.) |
| Peter: I paid a fine for illegal parking. Now, recently, Japan introduced a really, really draconian law – actually a draconian fine dealing with drunk driving. Current fine for drunk driving is USD3000. That’s a lot of money. |
| Natsuko: Right. |
| Peter: But it has had great results and personally, I think the law is a great idea. |
| Natsuko: I think so, too. |
| Peter: The law was introduced in 2002 and drunk driving is down 35%. So we are talking of a huge impact. |
| Natsuko: Yeah, also the traffic casualties are going down, right? |
| Peter: Yep. And last year in – two years ago in 2004, they introduced the law to ban cell phones while driving and that’s had an impact, too. |
| Natsuko: Yes. |
| Peter: Yeah, two things. I think that cell phone too should go. |
| Natsuko: Right. |
| Peter: But yeah it’s been proven here, that in Japan, that this has had an impact. Very good laws. |
Lesson focus |
|---|
| Peter: Okay, now a couple of things to introduce about today’s conversation. First we have |
| Yoshi: 行ってきます。(Ittekimasu.) |
| Peter: To go and come back somewhere. We take the te-form of |
| Natsuko: 行く (iku) |
| Peter: Attach |
| Natsuko: 来ます (kimasu) |
| Peter: The polite present form of 来る (kuru) and we get to come and go. Now this expression is used all the time when you are leaving and coming back. When you leave your house, when you leave your company, you are leaving but coming back for the day. You leave your house in the morning, you say |
| Natsuko: 行ってきます。(Ittekimasu.) |
| Peter: And the response to that is |
| Yoshi: 行ってらっしゃい。(Itterasshai.) |
| Peter: So to form this construction, you take the te-form of a verb and you attach 来る (kuru). |
| Natsuko: Yes. |
| Peter: Next, we have |
| Natsuko: トイレ近い。(Toire chikai.) |
| Peter: All right. This actually means the bathroom is close. トイレ近い。(Toire chikai.) |
| Natsuko: The expression really is トイレが近い (toire ga chikai) but we just abbreviate が (ga). |
| Peter: Abbreviate, it gets really abbreviated. |
| Natsuko: Yes. |
| Peter: It gets abbreviated all the way out of the sentence. |
| Natsuko: Yes. |
| Peter: Yeah, this is another case where particles get dropped. So the literal translation is the bathroom is close but that’s not what it means. It has an idiomatic meaning. |
| Natsuko: Yes. |
| Peter: What’s that meaning? |
| Natsuko: Someone who often goes to the bathroom. |
| Peter: Yes, now for some people, this may happen if you go out to have a few drinks with your friends. Go to the bathroom once, twice, ah I will be right back, go to the bathroom. In that case, you can say.. |
| Yoshi: トイレ近いなぁ。(Toire chikai nā.) |
| Natsuko: Right. |
| Peter: A very interesting expression. Next we have |
| Yoshi: 百枚 (hyaku-mai) |
| Peter: 枚 (mai) is a counter for flat things. For example, a piece of paper also at the Sushi place for plates, you can say how many plates you want. If you want three plates, you could say |
| Yoshi: 三枚 (san-mai) |
| Peter: So a counter of flat things. Next we have |
| Natsuko: 買ってください (katte kudasai) |
| Peter: The te-form plus |
| Natsuko: ください (kudasai) |
| Peter: Is deconstruction of constructions. This will help you get someone to do something. ください (kudasai) on its own will get you something. |
| Natsuko: Yes. |
| Peter: But if you want to get someone to do something, you are going to want to use te-form plus |
| Natsuko: ください (kudasai) |
| Peter: Now this is the very polite way. In this dialogue, the speaker was rushing. So he will end up saying |
| Yoshi: 買って、買って！(Katte, katte!) |
| Peter: And this is the short version. The abbreviation of |
| Yoshi: 買ってください。(Katte kudasai.) |
| Peter: Dropping the ください (kudasai) to save time, but 買ってください (katte kudasai) is implied. That ください (kudasai) is there. It’s just not said. All right, I told you today’s lesson was going to be long. |
| Natsuko: Uhh… |
Outro |
| Peter: Now if you think that’s long, there is going to be a lot more in the PDF. We are going to have the recap, learning center, again, go over it again and again. Now the Japanese we are starting to use here is situational. Notice how the boss is speaking to his subordinate. So he is using very informal Japanese whereas the subordinate when speaking to the boss is using very formal Japanese. This is one of the keys we really want to start introducing that according to the social situation, things change. All right, more about this write up inside the PDF where we have more time to kind of explain. Here we are just giving you the dialogues. All right, that’s going to do for today. |
| Natsuko: じゃあ、また明日ね。(Jā, mata ashita ne.) |
| Yoshi: またね。(Mata ne.) |
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